MASTER 

NEGA  TIVE 
NO.  91- 


MICROFILMED  1993 
COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES/NEW  YORK 


as  part  of  the 
"Foundations  of  Western  Civilization  Preservation  Project" 


Funded  by  the 
NATIONAL  ENDOWMENT  FOR  THE  HUMANITIES 


Reproductions  may  not  be  made  without  permission  from 

Columbia  Universitv  Library 


COPYRIGHT  STATEMENT 


The  copyright  law  of  the  United  States  -  Title  17,  United 
States  Code  -  concerns  the  making  of  photocopies  or 
other  reproductions  of  copyrighted  material. 

Under  certain  conditions  specified  in  the  law,  libraries  and 
archives  are  authorized  to  furnish  a  photocopy  or  other 
reproduction.  One  of  these  specified  conditions  is  that  the 
photocopy  or  other  reproduction  is  not  to  be  "used  for  any 
purpose  other  than  private  study,  scholarship,  or 
research."  If  a  user  makes  a  request  for,  or  later  uses,  a 
photocopy  or  reproduction  for  purposes  in  excess  of  "fair 
use,"  that  user  may  be  liable  for  copyright  infringement. 

This  institution  reserves  the  right  to  refuse  to  accept  a 
copy  order  if,  in  its  judgement,  fulfillment  of  the  order 
would  involve  violation  of  the  copyright  law. 


AUTHOR: 


CRAWFORD, 
ALEXANDER  W 


TITLE: 


PHILOSOPHY  OF 
.  H.  JACOBI 

PLACE: 

NEW  YORK 

DA  TE : 

1905 


CC)  I .  U  M  I]  I A  I J  N  i  V  E  RS 1  IT  L 1 1^  R  A  R I ES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 

m  BLJOG  R  AJIHIC  JvnaiQEmiM  lARG  E^^^^^ 


Master  Negative  " 


Original  Materia!  as  I-ilmed  -^  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


195J15 


105 


i! 


Crawford.  A!t./x:i!i(lt?r  Wellington, 

...   T-f  hiiilosopliy  o!    f  \    i  !     J  n 

*  ''^:n^  f'^''  ^i    ...      New    ViM'i-:,.    I  .o'.<;..! 


,  ■  _,.    1  n  7  '^ 

!•>    A  M> xa  n^li'i'    \r. 
,    !  xr   M  n-'Xii  lia  !i  ^-Mnr. 


i  ■  f  i  !  1 


iii,  90  p.    24y"\     (Cornell  studies  in  philosophy,  no.  6) 

Pub.  also  in  1905  as  the  author's  thesis  (ph.  d.)  Coni.  ''  university 
Bibliography:  p.  87-88.  " 

V    ]  .    of  pampiiletG. 

:.PQ*'  ov.    copy, 

1.  Jacobi,  Friedrich  Meinrich,  1743-1819. 


Lil)rary  of  Congress 


B21.C8    no.  6 


7-21440 


TECiiNICAL.  M!CRO!-ORM  i„)Al"A 


re:  AUCTION      RATIO: H^ 


FILM     SIZE:,.  A;A'^"'  fY^  r^ 

IMAGE  PLACEMENT:^  1  a' '^" Iia"^ lb     IIB 

DATE      FILMED: / --  /  ^  c -7 INITIALS     7?2_i^/ 

FILMED  BY:    RESEARCLi  PUBLIC ATf()NS_  INr    IVi  )()DIM^1D(;e   UT 


BlBLlOGILAi^Hie  IRRLUUL-ARI'I'inS 


MAIN 


liN  I  11  \ :  Lr-<t  IL/J^ord     A^f" X (boLx/.er- 


/      / 


Lir.£  volusiicD  £,i;  J  p"5'jG  ufiscied;  include  name  of  institution  if  filming  borrowed  text 


.P-:-'^.ulo}  : y(:-:\vA^!mA  nvailabie:  /^^-^ 
Vohrrii'sl:-;'  ;i,;i-r1*-'  /iiot  availabicr 


'- y<   -r :    y;   >«f,t 


//^y^-^ 


U  / 


,.>  ..;  '.  ^ 


■^^  v\i:i!iiiesl8j  llltsllll^lbl^te-J 


Bound  out  of  sequence: 


orf!!fiBtic-'\'  H:;)  liliiuid  fioiiiccpv  borrowed  itoii\:_?±_j_ 
_ ^„ C[^/i^^e^^'^f^^¥ o^/^    f/otfofa^ 


9--'   ry 


FILMED  IN  WHOLE 

OR  PART  FROM  A 

COPY  BORROWED 
FROM  UNIVERSITY 

OF  FLORIDA 


i  r 


Ml 


Association  for  information  and  image  Management 

1 1 00  Wayne  Avenue,  Suite  1 1 00 
Silver  Spring,  Maryland  20910 

301/587-8202 


Centimeter 

1         2        3 

nil  III!  nil  iinlini  n  ilii  i  n 

4         5 

iliiii  iinlinil 

6         7 

8        < 

1  iiiilni   III 

?      10     n      12 

III  iiiiliiii  iiiiliiiilihili  II 1 

13        14        15    mm 

III  II  III!  nil  nil 

II        1  1  1  1        II 

Inches 

2 

1.0 

f  \r\    1 

3 

Hi 

y.         32 

163 

Jr    3.6 

•^        1  4.0 
li.ti.ii. 

1.4 

1  III  'f'r'f'"Ti  1 

4                         t 

2.5 
2.2 

2.0 
1.8 

1.6 

1    II    III 
> 

i.l 

1.25 

MRNUFflCTURED  TO  OHM  STRNDPRDS 
BY  nPPLIED  IMAGE,  INC. 


,      -I )     ,i-^^  (^     (r,^^;  Xj^^t     I  cic  ^ 


aA^'  • 


THE  PHILOSOPHY  OF 

F.  H.  JACOBl 


^ 


•«-*«(j 


A   THESIS 

Accepted  bv  the  University  Faculty  of  Cornell  University 

FOR  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy,  May,   1902 


BY 


ALEXANDER   W,  CRAWFORD,  A.M. 


Nfto  Vorfe 

THE    MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

LONDON:    MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Ltd. 

190S 


\ 


f—-m--^. 


1  L  U  b  i_.. 


Y   U! 


i    ,     11.     K. j  r~\  \ y  ^ ^  k-^y  - 


.  i 


IHESIS 

Accepted  by  the  University  Faculty  of  Cornell  University 
FOR  liii.  Uegree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy,   May,    1902 


BY 


ALEXAXi^ER   \V.  CRAWFORD,  A.M 


Tin-:    MACMll.i. AX    <A  iMr..\XV 

l,i  Ali.  tX;     M.\«  Mil  LAN  ov  LA).,   Ltd. 


/ 


iiii  h---o  : ' '  -  •■  -1  ■  'G  Company 
..  ■■  «    -.  ,,r£ll.  P;^ 


CuX  TEXTS. 

ciiapti:r  I  '''' 

1  -  a  i.    ,\  .N  i  i      V  V  K 1  i  1  A  GS , f 

CFLXPTFR    II 
Jacobi's  Standpoint  and  Problem 17 

CHAPTER   III. 
The  Doctrine  of  Immediacy ^^ 

CHAPTER   IV. 
Jacobi's  Realism,  or  His  Doctrine  of  Actuality 51 

CHAPTER   V. 

Jacobi's  Metaphysics:  His  Theism  and  Philosophy  of  Religion 65 

Conclusion   g- 

Bibliography     g- 

INDEX         gg 


111 


t'  1 


i\ 


I)    V 


V    IV 


xr 


:ic 


\'f 


ir 


>    ( « 


K-rnian 


11:'  nlvYU     l)tlln  >:-«  iph\' 


11 


lvi'\-i  iliitK  ill  riiid  D 


f  ilif  X 


ir 


ar 


.ir 


in    Tlic   nit 


>< ) 


:tica; 


.^  ,  ! 


impi  Ttaiit 


il\\;<. 


ll 


ir^iii 


:li    tl- 


c    era    I 


'f  the  r 


era] 


rcncii 


iV  uiTiiiic    w  ar 


\' 


and   \va; 


C("nitL'ni|)nrar\ 


(  n  >t,ilU" 


Sell 


!cr.  an* 


L^ 


'in: 


in  literature,  and  of  Kant.  ImcI; 


Sel 

in  11 


H- 


1 1 


an<l  }]e^\'l  in  pliih  »>()phy.     In  additiein  te>  the  ceintcni])- 


iieiua' 


\' 


hich  th 


ese  names  ri'|)resc-n 


t.  th 


e  ett 


e( 


-t 


at 


eai 


!iu-nt>  \\a. re  still  nuinite>t  in  nianv  \va\'s. 


Ik-  reiiirion 


in 


itti 


eiKA-  '  >, 


the 


t\e  1' 


:i!atinn    wa>   ci»ntnuie 


i    in 


K1: 


']]. 


nnder   tne   slia 


wane!] 

V.  a  1  e  u  1  ■ 


ura 


U' 


ri- 


■  >(,'(  i 


Il- 


ea r  P.  er   \a'ar 


1 1.  I  a: 


ti  aa 


•n     1 


tc 


[in.i 


)r«  'l)al)le.  {<  hi.  that  thi>  na  )\ 


hi: 


eniiai 


c-arh'  tramin; 


.\a; 


;,  e- 


ns 


|)hil( 'Se^jdiical  Wi  a^k. 


t  had  iraicli  t 


<)  iU)  wat. 


the 


rcactnai   ai:'ain> 


tl- 


e    riiiK 


rataaiahsni    ci    tlio 


KiU 


Ta 


1 1  e 


■h 


a  waua 


ieM[)i  wa: 


a    X'nini; 


eleari  -I  vxi)re^>i'  >n  ir 


11: 


inianai  > 


man. 
a  hist 


Tl: 


i>  tendencx-   n 


ai//(e,u'r//a 


r 


wa; 


;n- 


K 


)tl- 


)        I   !    ! 


n](  'wnuait  wdiieli 


ie< 


aenDi    t(")    t.'XtelK. 


f  lit 


:a,'W 


[\' aiiantuasm,   \\" 


C'l  the  \\'  >vii  i  aia 


1    nf   1 


t 


«  aae 


tieiM' 


luman  lii\: 


ill 
X 


1  1 


t  > 


simpRT  and  nealtliier  \ar\ 


aanpatlr 
Itli 


I  \aa" 


l)ef 


<    ! 


lac 


i-.-iime'd  Mien  imax. irtanec  :  tor  it  was  lari^a 


aterar 
I; 


Til 


a^ 


tl- 


'n 


tlu'M',   in   the   tirst   instanee.   that   the   strenirth   of    Romanticism   was 


(■xr>re>se 


:\Ivst 


leism.   t» 


\\  a; 


di. 


ilixe  an* 


an   active   lorce   m 


>ciet_\-.  and  es})eciall\'  in  reli,L:aein.     Jaceih  lloehme.  indeed,  had  p'iveii 


It  some  standmi:'  m  i) 


liil 


os<>|)li_\a  aiK 


1  it 


was  now  destined 


to  h: 


mu 


ch   lari^er   ])lace.      This   was   due   to  the   fact  that   it   liad.   ] 


ive  a 
massed 


hex'ond   the  sta 


( >' 


e  o 


f  plr 


vsical  excitation,  and  ed  a  mere  rule  ot  iiie 


■iich  as  it  was  in  Rckhart  and  d\atiler  and  to  some  extent  in  Ijoehme 
a':j\   had   a(lo|)ted   a   rationalistic   procedure.     An    intcIlcctucUc 


^1 


}i- 


th.i: 


had  taken  the  place  of  the  earlier  emotional  intuition 


lUC 


ha 


d 


Id  raised  m\a<ticism  Irom  tlie  position  ot  a  mere  m 


divid 


ualistic 


rule  ed'  life  to>  that  of  a  f)hilosophical  doctrine  or  universal  principle. 
1  his   jacohi   eventually    developed    further   than   any  of  his   prede- 


ces-()rs. 


r 


II is  Lijc?      I^riedrich  lieinrich  Jacohi  was  horn  at  Diisseldorf  on 


•  Tl 


iccr.in 


,t    of    T. 


tCO 


lite    1- 


tak 


en    c 


hictl 


V    iroti 


Z 


irtienc 


T    /< 


Lc' 


r) 


sr. 


ir< 


article 


laco: 


in    t!;e 


T  ir 


T'l  1 1! ,  <  'Si  '  n  !  \    Ut    i* 


r 

i  . 


J'.. 


AXD    WRIT]  XGS. 


r. 


if.' 


the  J5th  <if  laiiuai"'^'.  ij4^.  Uv  wd>  thi  st'C^'^nd  S':ii  t^l  a  \\a-a'i:i\- 
merchant,  who  \va-  ciiLrai^i-d  in  ilic  >ui^ar  inthi>lr\,.  Hi-  father  \v;i> 
a  stroma  Protestant,  and  thr  hov  was  hroui^lit  uv  ni  lliat  lanli. 
jacobi  seems  to  ha\-e  |)<,i>>v>>e(l  from  uarh.-  \.)nth  a  flrrp  rciiur:::- 
sense  and  a  certain  mvst'cal  tenduiiey.  Refcrrini:  lo  hniiM-if  a>  ilie 
author  of  AllicilL  hv  >ay>  :  '"  Therefore-,  already  a>  a  \-onth,  du  n-an 
was  a  visionar\-,  a  j)ha!Uast.  a  nix'stic."^  In  a  >iniilar  c<  aiiiecli' ^n.  be 
refers  io  I'ietism.  and  ackno\\dedi:es  it^  inthience  iip^-n  hinio  It  i- 
related  of  him  tliat,  as  a  Un\  in>tead  of  phiyin-  with  nther  b<  \o. 
he  would  otten  stay  in  the  house  andi  conver.-e  with  a  })i<»iis  ^Ti 
maid-servant  of  the  familw  As  a  mere  clnld  he  thn>  -howed.  an 
interest  in  reh^i^ion,  and  even  in  the  sohation  «if  certain  rehi;inuv  |.r»  T- 
lems.  At  the  ai^a'  of  eii^dit  or  nine  lie  had  intuitive  view^  (U  imiiK  r- 
tahtv  wdiich  ever  remained  with  him/'  In  .-iliwiil  he  tell>  ("f  an  o;- 
perience  of  rai)ture.  a  sort  of  mystical  experience,  which  he  had.  m 
earlv  life.*  His  faculty  of  intuition  was  thus  very  stron,^.  He  -ay> 
that  in  early  life  he  coidd  not  realize  the  existence  of  anxthiUL:  he 
could  neat  intuit,  or  place  before  his  >enses  in  imai^ination.  )  In- 
reminds  one  of  lierkelew  who  c* add  not  realize  the  actualit}  ot  an}- 
thin£^  which  he  could  not  indivi<lualize.'' 

Jacol)i's  father  intended  him  to  follow  a  commercial  career,  and 
W'ith  this  end  in  view  sent  him.  at  the  ai:'e  of  sixteen,  to  iieneva.  to 
complete  his  studies.  Here  he  remained  foiu"  years.  He  hadi  >pe]]t 
his  early  life  under  the  intluence  of  relii^ion  (  Pietism  ),  but  at  (ieiitva 
he  tirst  came  in  contact  with,  philosophv.  Sensationalism  was  iju- 
dominant  |)hik)Sophy  there  at  that  time,  an<l  he  first  approached  the 
subject  from  that  side.  This  Ivd  him  to  see  an  oppositi'ai  between 
philosophv  (or  science)  and  faith,  which  he  never  afterward  could 
reconcile.  It  became  the  business  of  his  whole  later  life  to  tr\  t<-> 
adjust,  thoui^h  not  to  reconcile,  their  resp^ective  spheres.''  d1ie  in- 
fluence of  the  empirical  school  was,  however,  ne<^^ative.  He  ,i^ras})ed 
the  enthusiasm  rather  than  the  theories  of  its  adherents,  and  was 
most  moved  by  tliat  which  was  dloj^ical  in  them,  but  which  he  felt 
was  most  true  to  the  realities  of  life.  His  teachers  here  were  Punnet 
an<l  Le  Sacre  ;  and  he  also  read  Rousseau..  X'oltaire,  and  e.thers.      Put 


neither    the    scepticism    of    \'oltaire    ivj    tlie 


sentimental    deism 


EficydofiCiiu:  I^rittnnuci! .   an 
phia,    1  8;-'  > ) . 

^  jacobi,    U'trkw    I.   p.    xii. 

H.  p.    33- 

'^  Zirngield,   <>/'.   cit..  p.   4. 

♦  I,   p.   24- 

''Cf.   Fraser.  Sclctlu-ns  jrom    /^'/;e/(V,   p.    3, 

'^  Punjer,  Ilistcry  of  the  Chris*uiii   f'h^'osopJiy  i'f  I\<.\:^uui.   I-jil;,  trans.,  p.  '■ 


III 


■   '^^v,']]  t-  i  hini.      I  le  voi^  < 


:ri\-en   ratlier  to  ^eek  a 


Id    Hi  a    (in]\-    ackn- twledire    ( jod    and    iliinu 


R'a;->eau  appiaieo   nua: 

phil(  >>' spin-    whicli    .sp*  m 

di\ane-~>u])er>ensible  trutli- — but  one  wdnch  ^hemld  also  ha\'e  a  |dace 

fe-r  a  ( jod  atid  a  faitli.  as  li.vni,L:\  ever-])resent.  realities  in  life. 

Afttr  lirn.-hiuLr  his  cau-se  at  (ieneva..  lie  married,  in  ijrq,  I'etty 
vo,]i  iPL-rmont,  a  ladv  ^f  Aix-la-Chapelle.  who*  was  very  l)eautiiul 
an<l  accomplished.  In  a^lditi-nt  le.  "  lier  ,^'reat  ]KTSonal  and  mental 
attraction>,"  sji^  brouLiiit  him  c<  >nsiderabie  wealth.  She  seems  to 
have  been  an  excellent  woman.  hi^Liiil}-  esteemed  by  all  wh<:>  knew 
her.     (loethe.  in  his  Memoirs,  s])eaks  ()f  her  in  terms  oi  ])raise. 

jacobi  umw  took  his  place  at  the  lieadi  of  the  mercantile  liouse 
which  was  handed  over  to  him  by  his  fatlier.  lUit  this  did  not  prove 
coni^^enial  to  him,  as  he  had  no  taste  for  business.  He  therefore  soon 
betook  himself  t<»  literary  and  philoso])hical  work,  which  was  lietter 
suited  to  his  meditative  dis])ositie)n.  He  acce|)ted.  however,  an  elec- 
tion to  membershi})  in  thc^  Council  of  juliers  and  ]>er^'.  in  wdnch 
Cfiimection  he  became  famous  for  his  tinancial  al)ilit_\'  and  liis  zeal 
in  social  reform.  His  interest  in  social  and  ])olitical  Cjue-tirms  is 
:-hown  by  his  writini^s  <ai  these  subjects,  which  constitute  tlie  -ixth 
vohnne  of  his  collected  wc^rks. 

Jacobi  and  W'ieland  foimded  a  new  literary  journal,  Dcr  Mcrkur, 
in  wdiicli  were  {)tiblished  some  of  his  earliest  wTitin_<::s.  includiim.:. 
amon^L^  other  things,  his  .'U/'wiils  Ih'icfsaiinnlioii^  in  1774.  Pi 
1771J  he  published  U'ohlcDiar,  a  ])hilosopliical  novel  of  no  ureat 
tnerit.  thoui^ii  iiUerestin^'  as  a  statement  of  his  earliest  views,  and  as 
an  illustration  of  his  philosophical  method.  His  tem|)erament,  as 
seen  in  these  early  work.s.  is  literarx'  rather  than,  philosophical  :  he 
is  satisfied  with  reachiuL^  truth  b)"  a  sort  of  intuition,  and  d.oes  not 
seem  to  demand  a  com])lete  rationalization  of  j)rinciples.  He  was 
familiar,  however,  wath  philoso|)hy.  past  and  present,  and  saw  as 
well  as  an}"one  the  short-comini2:s  of  the  current  speculations,  thoui^h 
at  this  time  he  could  otter  no  dee])  philosophical  contribiuion.  He 
saw  that  life  was  lari^'er  than  the  current  i)hilosophy  could  provide 
for.  and  that  theory  had  not  attained  to  the  fulness  of  faith. ^ 
Without  critical  examination,  then,  he  took  the  principle  of  faith, 
which  he  saw  had  so  lari.xe  a  |)lace  in  relii^^ion  and  in  life,  and  tried 
to  i^dve  it  the  dii^mity  of  a  philoso])liical  principle:  thoug'h  in  his 
later  \ears  he  examined  it  more  carefull}',  and  substituted  an  intel- 
lectual element  for  the  feeling-  element  wliich  characterized  his  first 
presentation  of  the  subject. 

In  the  .-^ame  \-ear  (I77«p  in  which  he  pul)lislied  Ji\>IdcniJ}\  he 
bicame    a    memlier   oi   the   ])riv}-    coimcil    at    Mimich.      He    ].)r(>vtd 

'  t  •.    l.fitzc,   Nsho  said  tluit   life  was  larucr  iIk-.h   Iwuic. 


ill 


!•-:■  I 


P  r  r  T  r 


l<!    )  T 


!*■», 


'f' 


CHlTi''ftlC 


(111    ti 


fX; 


I  ^  1'  r I ■    (  , 


Ilu    c'lhi: 


M  ■  >       It; 


I  i   i  I.  ■ 


I'iV'A 


r :  ■(  Ti 


oi    cn>t()ni>    was   attcn 


«K-t 


Willi 


ci  tii>c-(jnriK\->    wlnfii    rcii 


(  k;i 


p"--t   iHicoinforiahk-.'*^      I  K-  t" 

Ik-  appliiMl  him  self  witli 

(■■i  h\>  wiiv  },)P.kc  in  n{).»n  tlk-  pract'f' 


ivrrli^'f  rrliiniiMi  i* 


1  <.'n]f)cili  ^-t,  w 


(.•XCniMW;    (k 


vntion  t. .  literature-.     TI 


U;   ( 


i  I  I  r 


eai 


.!K'>s    (  if 


U)|  tf 


an 


1 1  I 


t  h  T-  f 


W 


I  i:\(n>i]i  over  Ills  rcmaiiiini-  x'rar: 


II 


I     K 


f»»rt.  licweMT,  and  d 


ept  rip  Ins  hi  iMie  at   I 


unu'^  lliv  !H;xt    lew-   \ear_' 


pTi  tiincet 


I 


I   h: 


most    nn])!)nant    wntniirs,   an 'on 


L  til  re  S 


winch    was    his    />';• 


l^ijiuzas.   1785.  i 


n  letters  t<>   A 


7c'     ///'(7- 


c.t 


brcnitiit  him  into  relation   with 


es   Mendelssohn.      Tins   first 


ci  ■mtemporar\-  philosophw  as  r 


his   hrst   trnlv   i)hilosoplncal    work.      It    was   calle<l    f-.rtl 
vcrsation   with  Lessin.i^,   in   which   the  latter  decl; 


1    {)\'   a    c- 


I  red   that   he   ki 


I  ii 


1  e  \\ 


or    ne) 


philDsopliy    which    could    pro|)erly    he    called    sncl 


S[)inoza"s.     This  ]vi\    hacoTi  te>  niak 


U    excuit 


e  an  extended  and  carefn 


>tn<  i\' 


ot    Spmoza,    which,    resulted    in    the    work    al 


)('\-e    m.entio.ne 


cek 


brat 


1.      'Y 


ed  C!)n\a-rsati 


on   li; 


)e 


In  jyH()  jacohi  jMihlished 


ai  preserx'ed  f(  )r  us 


l)v    f: 


u: 


a  second  edition  (^i  his  wo.rk  on  >\>]n^ 


(r 


reatl}-  enlar,^-ed.  and  with  a« 


ide 


u  an 


first   clear    statement    e,f   1 


peiid 


rxe 


In   tl 


n.s  w  c  hi 


!!    [ 


t  h, 


(    )S(    i]    ) 


n-   Ml 


St  rat  ion.    a; 


li.st 


*!i>tini''n 


si  lei 


lis   ( i|)|)..sU!(  .n    ti>   a   phi: 

trMin    a    pliijox  jplu'    (,f    faith.    \\T 


ikiU' 


icn    lit. 


avowed.      He  thus  identilieil  lnni.s,-if  wnh  the  iiCfiih 


i  .s 


hli ! 


lllii>S<.>hl! 


II, 


('/'//.  t 


unann   an* 


'  (  '  in< ! 


leaoni 


)n!ii 


II 

Tl 


er<k-r 


i   IS 


pnt    Inni    at    once   in 


(  ! 


pp<>,sitii!n    t' .   il: 


1<  If  1}, 


1*''""   "f    ^i"-    time,   inchidnni^-   Mendelssohn,    wl 


cd   lip   to  as  c 


ln"ef, 


U'se  all    misn.ndersti 


1 


1; 


I 'o(i  nnik  an 


1  th-n-d- 


e   was   trxniL;-  to  reimr 


ot    nnreax.nin 


( 1' 


Ince   inti .  philosnphe   the  antitjuated    i: 


I 


le 


•t,   am 


)eher, 
I 


Td 


ie\'    cai!e( 


'.n,.,i 


i    mm    an    e 


iem\-    ot    reks.  ir 


<i    even    a   jesuu    ni    dis-nisc.      >« »   carele 


■s    was 


th 


eir    (,  X- 


ammation  of  his  writini^s  that  the\   thon.i^ht  h 
of   iinreascnn'nn-    faith   and 


e  advocated  a  d(  >ctrii 


le 


In    reply    to    this    char-e    k 


// 


<!'  >L4"inatic   amlit  int\ 


ed    a    dial 


e    ])uhns!i 


oi-iie    eiit 


;  e  I 


!l 


nic   a 


if       ( 


hi!     ( 


lUlih 


^n,   tulcr   III 


t  ill 


:  11! IIS  mid   RciU 


sill  us. 


I)relace  he  protected  ai^'airist  heimj-  rei;-arded 


1    Ihir: 
In    tl: 


as 


faith,  and  as  an  enenn-  o 
also  to  vindicate  k 


ail  ad\-(  )cate  of  a  lilin! 


f  >cience  iiud  ])hilo,s(  .ph\-.^^      He  endeavored 


that  these  terms  had  1 


IS  use  ot  th.e  words  '  faith  "  and  '  helic  f.'  hv  si 


lowan; 


Hume,  in   tlie  sense  in   which   he  1 


ler  W'  (rdis  t 


)een  u>v(\  hv  ciiiinent  writers,  especiallv  hv  Dav 


rxpre 


that  there  were  ne)  otl 

ot  facks.  as  o])po.sc'd  toi  the  constriicti- ai  <  n"  inf 


iimsclt   was  now  iisinL!^  ther 


1.  an 


tl 


le  unniediatc-  c  'L^nit 


1=  -n 


erence.s. 


I 


to   tl 


ic   second   edition   o.r   this    v. 


n  an  af)pen 


O  1  V 


he    tU'st    exprc 


■rii     n 


kT 


II 


C'i.L'C,    /    r/'S, 


L 


-  IV 


3   Ik 


a.    |)j. 


n\'>  s 


ft.      i-.>r 


1  i 


p,  4. 


( n'riiianx 


.iiui 


o ;    t  i 


ic   CL'pa  crs.iii 


.s  c  C 


S; 


XD 


\ i  i\  ;  1  I 


I    ;  "S 


5 


Kantiar 


n,  aie i 


1  .k 


1  n t , ^n 


Iteksc 


k 


\t;ei!ii 


«  a    C 


-ct    t. 


■  VU)     ei  V    r,  •'!  1 1  v 


m  '  ^]^])<  'si 


11 


le  Kan 


:ie   nkerifrt  ir 


At 


tWti     \ 


] 


■uhjectu'e   ikeausr 
.f  tl 


Ll^ll 


J. 


1      Pl 


le  '-lUnreak  01  trie  war  witk  krance.  whicli  1 


.  >.., 


1  Uljs^j  i   !  j 


wek  C 


W  IPC  ii 


1 1  n  Ti  •'1 


■llvkl     i\e\-olutlon. 


aC(  Ti    It, 


fi  Di 


usseldfpi.  an 


1. 1 


li 


ved   1. 


Tl 


!,    .11 


ni 


1  h  'Istein,    the    nati\'e    k'l''  i\' 


ince    of    his    fath* 


there   k 


le   tile   ac 


aintance   (U"   Reink 


t  Tl  :  and   Iron 


leai 
A\k- 


inLiL-    ne 


I 


)lll)lishr(' 


I  Sup  his  tirst  important   w< -rk  on   Kantiani>np    [. 


if.IS     I 


icnicinncn    a 


/ 


\  r 


i  i  n 


Sinus   ( 


t   i'i 


/; 


J 


I'niu}^  I 


J 


L   I  ^^i  li  iiil  L 


Ic 


br!}i^^t}L      In   tkiis  he  dex'eloped  more   full}'  than  in  tlie  appendix  t' 


Ihirul   IIuiiic  1 


lis    1)0): 


dtioii   witli  reference  to  what  he  tlir)iiHit  to  b( 


i 


tk 


le  siiliit  eii\a'  i(lerdism  of  the  Kantian  sx'Stem, 


It 


wa.s  \\ 


bile  lixdni:'  here-  tliat  he  was  accused  of  atheism  at   T 


eiia. 


ccoinit   'of  kiis   partial   acceptance   r.f   Kant's   Dialectic 


f)rohal)l\-   oin   a 

In  i<rdirr.  then,  to  ^et  liimself  :ind  his  phik)s,.ph\'  in  the  f^ropc 

lie  |'Ui)lksbed  ;in  ap<  'lo.^'etic  letter,  Jaco 


ht 


'.\lth  rr!e 


!Ce   t'  ■■   the* ) 


n  'P\- 


(O-i     lil, 


I'icli 


\\  in  \\ men 


itl 


>i  >sition  witn  precisn~m 


np  \\:p    Pirthri 


lie  triedi  t'  >  deline  his  p 

from  him  than  atheism.     Instead  od"  1 


X 


ii- 


leiim'  It 


porter  an 


•  1   o  e  [ 


eiiPer,  he  was  1 


t  <   n 


1<  1 


St  determiiledi  oikXPie 


it.      X. 


'ps  Wert,    p 


a-ectetl  tr>  establish  thei: 


;m  ;  ank  tiie  ])riricipal  c 


fi  f-  (■' 


(.■  ne 


I 


n 


( if  a:jai 


•  t  .^pinozism  was  that  it  ^\■as  atheistic  and  fatalist- 


c. 


1   alter   retnrnmi 


t<!   h\<   1 


i<  imi 


.t   1) 


USS(,-li  if-)i 


-f.   k 


e   receive 


m  iS: 


tl 


I  !'■ '  thi'  new  .  \caPem\' 


f  Science  jiist  ftpiipled  at  .Miiiiic 


ai 


10  a- 
1 


i  I  V         i 


la' 


■t  part  « 'I   h 


p  p 


menial   ft>rtnne  thr 


i   nr-  • 


r>  1  ■  r  - 


m-iaw.  kie  wa.s  nKkpk'ti 


1 


\e 


] 


■nt   <'f  the   A 


to  accept  tile  |)t!sition.     In  1807  he  was  nv 
ntl   remainetl   in   that   pipitiim   i^-n    i- 


catk'iiP'.   a 


\\  bile   there  he  piiblishetl   liis   last  philostaphical   work.    / 


I'n 


lattc. 


//I 


rn;i: 


k,k  wliich  he  dnrected  cliiellv  aii'ainst  Sclie 


hn: 


Ik 


i  n.e 


litter  repi\k  w 


hicli    lacobi   never  iP'ticedi.   thou  oh   t' 


c<  *ntr(  Per 


\\-as 


c;irried  cki  bv  others.  chit^'ibN-   I'd'ies  ai 


ii 


a  a  Per 


n    p'^ij   he  retired   trom  the  presidenc_^ 


dt 


md  1 


)ec:an  t*)  |)re]) 


a 


Collected    edill" 


had 


c 


( >mp!eP'< 


•11  of  his  works.  1)iit  died.   March   PO.  p^itj,  before  1 
[    the   task.     Idle   W')rk    wkis    Continued,    however,    b 


he 


)\- 


I^ 


\t»ripen,  and  wa.s  c<nii]>leted  in    1825.      It  was  jitublished  m   .six  ^ 


It 


iblisk 


.1 


nnu--.  the  kairth  \"oiuine  containing;  three  parts.      the  seC(^n<l  \'t>lume 


tk 


Tk 


contains   an    Intropiiction 


bv    I 


1 


)r<t  intri  Mhicta  111 


t«  >  hi.s  iT 


1  Co.  1)1    \v 

)k 


hick 


1   is  at   the   same   time 


d  th 


|>ln!os,  ,phy.  aiPd  the  most  succinct  ana 


1    e, . 


i  L  i  L  1  O 


Statement   he   ev^-r  n 


ipule  <  d'  his  ,i:eneral   p'pition.      It 


tl 


IS   to  this  edi- 


tion <  d"  kiis  \\-i.rr..s  tliat  all  referents  ;n\'  made  in  tlik<  m.oiK-iijrapki 


i 


I 


a 


)i   wa.s  I], 


tt   a  I 


)h 


p'  '^i  i]  I 


her  (it   set  |)urpose 


I]i<  tir>t  writ 


1  'ri- 


iL:  :nLr 


:lie  J^orredc  o*  tlie  i '^  i  j  cdi 


;]'■>!■  varu,s  ni  eeicrcnt  C':n 


\,.  .7- ,      t  . 


■  e,'. 


-i:h 


U;     W(-rK.- 


lAC*  Mil. 


coiitMinc'l    iiKTciy    an    iinithcit    plii'nv,  .j.hy    i.a 


lattT  tliat  Ik-  \va>  driwn  to  an  iaak-a\"Mr  n*  ri'n'irr  that  philf  -<  n  »]i  v 
cx|)lic!t.  Ill-  w'd^  a  l.»H'-\'  man  <if  at!air<  i<  >r  inan,\'  \i'ar-.  an-l  liis 
writings  wtTf  ])Ut  ncca^-iMnal  troati'-r<. — "written  rliapx  HJically  ani<l 
at  i^rasslK^iper  ,q:ait/'  as  \iv  >a\->,  an*!,  f<  t  tlic  n]<i>t  |»art.  in  the  fi -I'm 
of  k'tt(-T>,  dial*  i^L^aiiS,  aial  r^  •rriaiKX"'-.  "  It  was  nr\iT  ni}  <'])]<.  ci/"  lie 
sa,\\-.  "['■>  Cfsn^trnct  a  ."-.\--trni  \i>r  tlu-  :>ch<H.l>;  n.i\  w!"itniL>  -pranij;' 
from  m\'  innermost  lift,',  thcx'  full.. wed  an  hi^tiuacal  c^'Uv-r:  in  a 
CiTtain  wav  I  was  n*:.t  the  antlitsr  < -i  thmi.  pint  witli  m\'  t'wn  wi-l  ^n, 
but  nniler  compnlsior.  <tf  a  hii^hcr  and  irrrsir^tiMc  ])«'Wir."'  llis 
|.)liilr>S()|)li\-,  nidrc  than  tliat  ^f  alm(>>t  an\-  other  jilnlei.-,.  iph.c  r,  was 
]:)rimaril\'  his  persetnal  \-iew  of  Hfe.  and  only  secoiinhiril}-  i\\i\  it  he- 
conie  a  system  of  princi|)le<. 

Jacobi  seems  to  have  ])een  a  man  of  mo>t  admirable  r)ersorial 
(inalitie>.  He  had  vi'r}'  deep  xicial  feelinL:'>,  as  i.--  exidit-ncedi  1)\-  t]ie 
fact  that  he  made  his  mansion  at  i'empelf'irt  a>  re.^i  irt  f< 'r  literar_\- 
men.  He  was  also  intensely  relii,nou>.  thonq-h  there  >eems  to  ])e  no 
evidence  that  he  interested  himself  verv  i^^reatly  in  an\'  contemporary 
ecclesiastical  affairs.  Love  for  ( iod  and  man  went  too^t^'tlier  in  him, 
and  were  the  united  cause  of  all  liis  philosophical  thoui^ht. 

We  shall  endeavor  to  trace  very  brietly  the  inlluences  which  met 
in  him.  and  wdiich  went  to  sliape  his  character,  and  tO)  t^ive  c^intent 
and  form  to  his  |)hilosophy. 

PictisDi.  The  deep  reliij^ions  mo\-ements  oi  (jerman\'  ha\"e  nearly 
all  been  associated  with,  or  have  been  the  outcome  of.  >o!ne  form 
of  npwsticism.  Idiere  were  ni}stics  such  as  Tauler  and.  b'ckhart 
before  the  Reformation,  from  wb.om  tlie  chief  inspiration  of  that 
movement  came.  Luther  liimself  was  a  luxstic,  and  drew  much 
inspiration  from  Stanpitz.  Idien  came  lioehme,  one  of  tlie  m<  >st 
profound  thinkers  e\'er  found  in  the  ranks  of  the  commetn 
peo])lc.  Ilis  mysticism  was  l)r(^ad  and  dee]>,  and  he  was  suflici<.'nt]y 
philosophical  to  i^ive  some  real  cliaracter  to  his  thoti^"lu.  lite 
movement  of  which  the  Pietism  of  Jacobi's  day  was  the  pr-jduct 
was  l)ef^un  l)y  I^hilip  Jacob  Spener  (1^)35-1705),  and  was  at  tlrst 
a  movement  wdthin  the  Lutheran  Church.  It  took  the  form  of  a 
protest  against  the  formalism  which  had  been  developed  within  the 
Church,  and  which  threatened  to  destroy  its  real  s|)irit.  Its  chief 
characteristics,  therefore,  were  dee|)  S|)iritualii}-,  an  emphasis  upon 
experience  rather  than  knowledi^e.  u|)on  immediiate  intuition  ratluT 
than   mediate  thou,i;lit,   and   tip)on   the   imp(.irtance   c)i  the   indii vidua!. 


1  Qucited  liV   Schw 


C  L'  i  c 


■,    II:s' 


I':;::os.-r:y     ]-n^.   tran^,    I  y    Stirli-iL:,, 


\ 


LTFr:    AX!)    W  RiTdX''-;S^ 


7 


It  wa-i  therefre  "  rather  a  relii^K  ai^  n'^-'u]  than  a  form  of  tli'-uii^ht."^ 
>perKr  alx"!  placed  much  empha-is  u]^':.ii  conversion,  or  tlie  re- 
newal of  the  natural  man  by  the  spiritual.-  This  naturally  meant 
an  anta^vinisin  between  the  natural  an.d  the  spiritual. — an  antagon- 
ism whicli  Jacobi  inlierited  and  which  always  remained  a  very 
marked  feature  of  his  view  "i  the  world.  In  the  same  way,  the 
•  tiler  features  of  Pietism,  and  of  my-ticism  geiieraliv,  entered 
d:ee;)l\-  into  his  tho-ught.  d'o  tlu'  end  he  remained  strongh-  individ- 
ualistic <ir  empirical,  valuing  direct  and  immediate  intuitions  above 
the  richest  c<  intent  of  mediated  thouglit.  and  was  never  able  to  o.ver- 
Come  the  ojiposition  betv/een  tlie  natu.ral  and  the  spiritual  man.  or 
l)etween  n.ature  and  mind.  This  will  be  seen  in  his  permanent  dual- 
ism between  knowledge  of  mechanical  nature  ( or  science)  and 
knowledge  of  the  supersensible  or  s|)iritual  world,  wliicb.  he  chose 
to  call  philosophw 

Such  a  view  of  the  world  of  nature  and  man  undoubtedh'  com- 
plicates the  philosophical  proldem.  but  it  is  nevertheless  the  basis  of 
all  true  s|)iritual  or  religious  life.  It  was  the  source  of  the  truest 
and  deej)est  life  of  the  church,  and  furnished  the  only  true  experi- 
ential basis  of  the  doctrinal  as])ect  oi  Christianity.  This  cannot  ])re- 
cede,  but  must  follow  u[)on  true  religious  life,  and  it  was  from  this 
sort  of  life  that  the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation  historicallv  sprang. 
— those  doctrines  which  mark  the  spiritual  emancipation  of  our 
modern  w(^rM.  Under  these  influences  Jacobi  spent  the  earlier 
years  of  his  life,  and  it  was  from  these  that  he  drew  liis  conception 
of  the  world  and  of  life. 

Stiisahojialis})!.  This  was  tlie  first  philosophy  which  Jacobi  read 
at  all  carefull}-.  JVevious  to  his  term  at  Geneva  he  had  read  but 
little, — onl}-  what  the  ordinary  school-boy  reads.  lUit  at  Geneva  he 
came  in  touch  with  bTench  Sensationalisiu,  through  the  Eiicxclo- 
pccJhi,  which  at  that  time  had  its  stronghold  there.''  Then  began  his 
serious  study  of  ])hilos(^])hy.  Le  Sage  was  his  teacher,  and  Jacobi 
says  that  his  acquaintance  with  hiiu  marks  an  epoch  in  his  life,  and 
that  his  year  with  him  was  the  most  fruitful  he  ever  spent."* 

It  was  a  strange  contrast, — a  Pietist  in  the  midst  of  the  material- 
istic movement  of  the  time,''  and  one  of  the  luost  thoroughgoing 
materialistic  movements  in  the  entire  historv  of  philoso|)liv.  lacobi 
was  thus  led  into  very  soriousS  mental  and,  spiritual  striiggles.  and  it 


:  I 


-lb: 
Ml. 


h;c,  /".   //.  Jaco''!:   .-1   Stiniy   :u   tJw   0>-:);:ii   cf  Gcr})\}n    Rc'Uisvi.  p.    ii. 


I'P-    u-i 


U   !    1 , 


■r-  c- 


Zirnuu-M. 


IT-    5 
p.   6, 


-^. 


A 


u 

i 


8 


rv 


IS  pro 


soiirco 


bal)l 


\'  dlU;  ti  •  the    tact 


'il\- 


(11      I  K' 


<    ) 


tl 


i,\r 


ir*  '\\u  ( «ii   [• 


i  ) 


that 


Wv  iia< 


I  nut  III 


\  rar. 


!! 


cart- till  and  ixxitua- 


lav  (I 


t  til. 


)irit  t  liaii  c 


c  \\a.^   1 


■WIl 


'  M  L  !,•'  i 


at  all 


,tl 


u>iiai  witti  \ntnio-  nit'ii  *  it  li: 


tV()llS>l 


an.   \'<  iltairc.  I)i<ii-r 


b 


ecu  Mio-t   iM   s\'n!i)ath 


w 


an* 


t\'  'i: 


t-ar 
1  )iii 


II 


I-  stiaiu 


»i\' 


A' 


( ^r 


ll- 


an  wa^: 


s- 


ILIX' 


ai( 


ill  111 


■1,  1 


u- 


-t.'f 


:  t  \  e 


■r<tu. 


if  t  iiiii 


■r-   iiirni>h! 


littk'  p<  '>\U\  c  rnattTial 


i"(  T  ll 


satisfied  with  their  ^TiUM-al  r)lii!(  >>,  :Mliical  im-th-Ml;  fur  it 


\\  n  thoiiL'lit 


Ih 


'rvHi>   t' 


t  na\'!,; 


<  '1 


1 


rt.'^ 


tl 


t^   which   lu;  criti 


1 1  .'^  t  \^ , 


;i,ia 


tn; 


<'lli\     w  ticii 


sphiTi-    ct    ttu-    >iij)cr>tiivi!)lc 


1 


ic 


■  ccr 


i:-    !U-\  cr 


lir 


[( ) 


tl' 


a\a;    callr 


w 


qiicstic)ii  the  \-aIi(lity  «*f  their  nu-tlin.l  in  the  sphere  id" 

call  the  >cience  of  nature.      In  thi^  held.  In  ^wever,  lie  ne\-e 


at  wa-  V 


an 


\'  intere.-t. — the  tliii 


i^^">  of  the  spirit  were  hi^  only  attracti'-n 


method  of  tliis  >c1]e)()l  |u-  acce|)ted  as  the  only  niethodi   i<>r  ^x: 


ic 


^wei 


>  *>. 


ence 


aiK 


1 


th 


le  wnoii'  proceuure  wa> 


to    1 


nr 


\er\"   i)arren, 


t(*  th 


posed  It  only  when  it  wa>  carracd  o\a'r  int(  *  tiie  reu:a  mi  <it   >piri 
as  tliongiit   1)\"   >e)nie  that   lie  opposed  >cience  a<   such;  hut   ii 


\v 


wa' 


C)nl\-  the  seientitic  method  in  philo>*'ph\-  wdiich  encountered.  1- 
sition.     dv    science   of   nature   he   thou.Li'ht   (piite   |)ON>ihKa   t' 


1, 


lelt  it   foir  otlK-r->  tr>  ])ur>ue;  hut  a  .\('/c;/t"C  eif  s|)irit   he  C'-n-ideri 
tile  nature  of  thiiiL'".-   f('re\a'r  inu)()>>ihK. 


1 


;>  i(  ire\a'r  mi] 
he  -cieiux'  of  tlie  >ens:itionali-ts  daii\'  taui:"ln 


that   a 


1  ?i 


I  I.M 


1, 


were   a  lie   and   t 


m 


atter.      I  hit   th 


a  \ 


r-^   coui 


t'lai 


tl 


leia-   wa: 


la  ' 


tl 


nil; 


aih 


Ull  1 


t' 


I 


not    >ati-d\^   iii>   M 


f<  a-  his    faith   in   ( njd, 


ano    i<i\a 


and    \ai' 


tur.    winch    he    lia<.  1    lield,    fr 


ma)re 


to   1 


iim   tliai; 


tl 


1!> 


aiK 


1 


an 


fiel 


(        o 


f    tl 


le    >en: 


\] 


)!e 


:l«  >\\  e\ei' 
tah 


1 
tl 


ll!  >| 


)e   explai: 


!e* 


le    science    of    tl 

1- 


le 


t  n 


,wa\' 


^en>a! 


\as 


itiC 


ai; 


>eenK-d  to  hiin  to  Dv  mdi.-putahka  wliile  laitli  in  ( 


[til 


seen.ed  et 


m 


di>putal>le  in  tlie  tleldl  of  tlie  spiritual.      Idiis  left  him   fore\er  with 


a  di>cord  hetwtcen  head  and  lu-art.  thoimii  to  hii 
tl 


th 


e  <tirrii' 


O    „         ( 


't 


le  pious  soul   were  of  far  more  importance  than  the  coi^-nition^  of 


the  under.standin; 


Iac(  '1; 


)i  ma\"  have  f*  )Uii 


reason  for  such  a  diia 


sensationali: 


ds  til 


emsei\'e> 


h 


( ) 


.lisni  even  ameiii'^  the 

t  th 


r  instance,   l.oimet  did  not  accept  the 


coarse   materialism   o 


f   tl 


/ 


le   r.iicxLi 


er((  ( 


ui.   thou 


^h   1- 


e   was   a    >en 


tionalist.      lie  did  not   sa\'.  as  otlier>  did,  that   tlbny^iit   was  i 
but  tliat  motion  in  the  l)od\-  was  the  occasii  ai  a^i  tlioii^hi  in  tli 


ri'  't!i 


I'  1 


'U, 


n:  - 


material  sou 


W 


(»reei\aia  lie  rea'arded  tlie  miia 


1 


Z 


:5Z 
4   I> 


inv-K' 


't- 


lick 


csmcru  ,  /  /  :.v 


^odcni  Fliilosot» 


v.i'y^.  tra- 


■uh>tai 


I  -K 


ma; 


al 


!  rn  •-•!(-■ 


;ir.  UT. 


*,*>• 


Id 


|)rovcd  ll  1 
sch*  o:l  itv 


r.  n 


i    LliC    uii 


nmt  \- 


t   ceil: 


\ ' 


oiisn 


i  A  '.  o's. 


■1.  i<  )ii 


Cll 


mere  were  iiaiica' 


e> 


nch   V 


Sv, 


that 


e\'en  w 


a  hin    t 


^lit 


ioint 


1  C  '  '  !  '  1     L  („ 


\ae\' 


all    la,-   (!e\a- 


'  1H'< 


v?^t 


ietwaaai 


ad 


ar 


he 


ne 
he 


H'- 


iX 


tv. 
ll 


een 


'LielKt;    t 


th 


le   -eUMhle  and   faitl 


1   m   the  sinxTsei 


1  M  1 


1  a 


)ir    W 


l-;eai  i 


1    •dtrrini. 


t 


roii-n- 


'  ',  nioi" 


ici-m 


OKI 


rthe;( 


ill 


</lU 


t:ie 


i  1 


wa' 


'A'    w 


s         O      ( 


11' 


A'!  'r  t<  >  iimii  It  h"-'  the 


Til 


1   the  souiice  oi   nature 


(  'W 


11: 


liteCte 


tma- 


an 


I  '  d  tlu-  \'alu! 
-ee  that   it   C'  >: 


ra: 


-CKiKaa  ^^■e 


ll 
-hall 


wn  view 


hut' 


wn  create-t 


T 1  n  1 


a  I'    lai 


11  ivf  i  a 


W 


Lc 


ita 


.n 


.-//' 


aC' 


t(  <i 


;/ 


iia 


After   1- 


is    return    lr<tm    ( leiuxaa 


t<>   1 


11: 


nn  t '  \-i 


aiKi 


n  n  n ' 


f  under  the  iniluence  e)f  the  1^ 


nliLrntenniei 


a.  lioih 


Tl- 


a   ti 


ea 


ai 


1   ot   cuJture 


na 


1 


Is   a   philosophy   oi    nie   and   of   real 


riier  (.oc^-matism  <d   Spin 


'  iza, 


1 


Ipuence  him  un 


ltd 


a  later 


time 


l)Ut    tl 


ajihniz.  :m( 


i\'('l! 


T    (la 


lau 


le  di)irmatic  rationahsm  oi 


All, 


KUini 


th(iueh   an   out  cm 


ne   (h 


;h 


le   earlier   domnatism.   v/as   a 


factor  in  th 


e 


le   ( 


d'   1 


US  time,  an 


d   wan 


indeec 


le  ])revaiuni^ 


tvia 


( * 


n 


f  thouij^ht.     Alth(npc:h  lo(dxdn|G^  for  its  speculative  sujHport  to  Leih- 
iz  and  \\e)ll].  this  waas  its  least  im])<.)rtant  side;  it  concerned  itself 


m<  a"«,;  wi 


til  tl 


le  practical  attair.^ 


o 


f  lif. 


The  basis  of  the  Enlidit- 


enmeiit  of  tlie  eiijhteenth  centurv  was  eiveii 


1  111  the  ijeneral  features 


ot  a 


-ua 


':( 


;r 


lilt*. 


7 


as 


tlie\-  liad   Iteen 


worke 


ait 


durin; 


l\enai><ance   by    tlie    \wA\   moxanient-   in    art,   rcli^'itai.    politic 


L  1  !  V 


and 


natur 


re-earch. 


Its       ill! 


•(  la 


wa<    dei>m, 


an 


1 


rel 


mioii    wai: 


rai 


Of  n  v-m 


an 


t       ma<le   a   iiei-'atna'   r^ductam    (U    wliat   \\ 


)0: 


itive 


in    ri,- 


'U    to    a 


-( )-(.. 


t\e 


It  )n 


A    1 


veaseai, 


It    "  enthron 


i'(  i 


»un(  1  c<  >mm(  oi  s^^nse 


tl 


le  sui>reme  arhiter.  tavute 


mvsteries. 


a:redne< 


1  tl 


le  deeper  e.\|)caaence 


aa  aa; 


d   tl 


le 


a\a'r  (juestKin- 


s       O 


tl: 
lift 


l  SI 


[Vn\  1)ounded  its  \-icws  bv  the  narrow  horizon  of  everv-dav 


It    thus    exalted   the   knowimj   r 


M)n   o 


f  th 


nd 


le   mdivHiu; 


aiK 


1 


a't    itself   u]>   as   the   supreme   arl)iter   of   all   thini:^s.      It   tli<ni,<^dit    it 


f<aind  within  itself  all  that  was  ne 


ce 


ar\- 


for  k 


nowlediro  or  for  life, 


lt<  ( iod  plaxanl  no  real  ])art  in  life,  l)ut  was  merely  the  s])eculative 
princip'le  from  which  all  thinir.s  proceed,  and  waas  acce^rdin^iv  com- 
plvtel}-  transceiak'Ut. 

Such  a  nioxa-meiit  cmild  hava  only  a  nei^ative  iniluence  upciii  the 
V(;r}-   ])o.^iti\-e   s|)irit   of  Jac<.bi;    foir   he   was   opposed   tci   it   freiin    the 


\aa- 


lU' 


<  aitset 


ts    \iew 


(  ! 


f        ( 


H   H 


It, 


denial    t) 


t    m\-stenr 


d 


'etic  and   rati!  tiian-tic   \ae\v   <  'i    nt' 


\-, 


,e  a 


1 .  o: 


1  1   :  S 


■y  <i  / 


/;  :l(-'Si 


:y,   Ln 


\\err  rei)uis]\a.'   i.)   h: 


1  lUlS, 


uite 
and 


-Jbi.L 


:  S 


t,  r 


L^o. 


'  i 


acaKf, 


// 


L'li!  S 


ith  G 


crnuDi   L  lassies,  p.    194. 


9 


li 


H 


10 


Tlli 


n. 


.'HiLuS'JPii V    Ui-" 


\  I 


.\{_.UIjL. 


„ !  r  L. 


AXi)    WRiriXGS. 


entirely  un>ati>factnr\-.  It  k'tl  man  no  niy<ti'r\^  in  hin;><ii;  u  rvaih 
cut  off  as  illu>ioiis  all  lii>  (k-cpcr  spiritual  experiences  arifi  \earn.in^-. 
and  left  him  with  <'nl\-  an  ideal  wliich  was  'of  the  earth,  earth).' 
And  tliouiih  at  oinc  with  this  min-ement  in  its  helief  in  a  per>< 'n^i! 
God.  he  could  no>t.  however,  accept  tlie  artiticial  and  medianical 
schism  wdiicli  it  made  between  (iod  and  tlie  wo)rld.  lie  heldi  that 
God  and  the  world  were  or^g-anic  to  one  anotlier.  and  that  a  vital  rela- 
tion must  subsist  l)etween  the  two.  This  relation  he  Cf^iceived.  u 
the  chief  bu>iness  of  his  philosophy  to  sIkhv.  Xo  positive  contri- 
bution to  Jaccibi's  thought  can  therefore  l)e  attril)Uted  tr*  the  .////"- 
kliinor^:  btit  it  >tirred  him  U|»  to  opposition,  and  to  a  moire  explicit 
formulation  of  his  own  peculiar  philoso[)hy. 

Spincz'isni.  Shortlv  after  Jacol)i"s  return  from  Geneva  he  tir>t 
came  in  contact  with  Spinozism.  In  1763  the  r.erlin  Acadeni}-  prize 
for  an  essay  "  (  )n  lAddence  in  Meta])hysical  Knowledi^e  "  wa> 
awarded  to  Moses  Mendelssohn.  Jacobi  greeted  the  essay  with 
great  [)leasiire.  but  was  disappointed  to  find  that  it  was  little  more 
than,  a  re>tatement  of  the  old  dogmatic  arguments  for  the  exi>ience 
of  God.  1 le  regarded  this  t}pe  of  method  as  looking  back  to  Leib- 
niz and  Spinoza. — to  their  mathematical  methoHl  of  dem<Mistrati"H. 
But  Jacol)i  had  learned  to  look  or.  things  with  the  eye  of  tlie  hkri- 
piricist.  and  distrusted  all  demonstrative  metlio(l>.  His  conci-pti-'n 
of  philosoph}  as  faith,  or  belief,  or  intuition,  liad  l)egini  to  take  form 
in  his  thought, 

]>ut  it  was  not  till  after  his  famous  conversation  with  lA^sing  in 
1780  that  he  gave  any  very  careful  consideration  to  Spinoza.  Then 
for  some  years  he  carefully  studied  that  philosopher,  and  in  17S5 
gave  the  results  of  his  study  to  the  world  in  the  fr)rm  ( )f  the 
Bricfc  i'lhcr  die  Lchrc  Sf'iiuKas.  addressed  to  Mendelssohn.  He 
found  himself  C()iii{)letely  opfx^sed  to  Spinoza,  and  to  all  philos- 
ophy of  that  ty|)e.  The  method  of  demonstration  a|)peared  to  him 
to  be  its  chief  characteristic. — an  attem|)t  to  deduce  the  fullness  of 
the  universe  from  one  primary  princi[)le.  in  Spinoza's  case  the  [prin- 
ciple of  substance. 

The  science  of  mathematics  was  in  Spinoza's  day  (levelo|)ing  rap- 
idl\'.  Descartes,  Leil)niz,  and  Xewtctn  liad  made  wonderful  <li>- 
coveries.  and  the  atmoiSphere  oi  the  wdiole  educated  world  was 
largely  mathematical.  Mathematics  ap|)eare(l  to)  be  the  true  t)p»e 
of  science,  and  it  was  tliought  that  all  true  science  must  confi^rm  to 
this  model,  as  the  only  way  in  which  results  could  be  exact,  or  could 
be  proved.  Modern  inductive  methods  had  not  yet  come  into  vogue, 
though  Bacon  had  some  time  previously  called  attention  to  induc- 
tion, and  had  to  some  extent  outlined  its  methods.     It  was  but  nat- 


iirai,  tiien.  that  llie  phi'oso|»hical  science^  should  endea\->:5r  tr.  adr.nt 
the  mathematical  method.      It   was   not   thought   that   tlie   dilTerence 
in   subject-matter  called   for  any  diiterence  in  method  of  treatment. 
Accordingly.  Spinoza  ])ropo<:ed  to  himself  the  task  of  deiiK  >ll^tratim: 
luhics  m  geometrical  order.     Starting  out  with  the  concept  of  Sub- 
stance, with  its  attril)iites  and  modes,  as  the  geotneter  does  with  the 
Concept  of  the  triangle  witli  its  >ides  and  angles,  he  endeavored  In 
deduce,  (.r  demonstrate  the  entire  universe,  including  right  and  dutv. 
d"hi>  method  determined  by  oppo>ition  that  which  Jacobi   should 
adop)t.      Tin;    mathematical   method   he   tliought    proper    enemgh    for 
the  sciences  of  nature;  for.  to  him.  nature  was  mechanical.     More- 
over, he  always  associated  demonstration  with  a  mechanical  method  ; 
f(^r,    to    him,    demonstration    was    mathematical,    not    logical.      Ikut. 
since  he  viewed  man  as  a  free  |)ersotialit}-.  and  si)irit  as  something 
radically  d.itterent  from  nature,  he  could  not  see  that  in  this  sphere 
mathematics  could  be  applicable  in  any  way.     And  since  s|)irit  did 
not  admit  of  exact   measurements,   tlierefore  a  philosophv  of   spirit 
Could  not  be  a  mathematical,  or  an  exact,  or  a  demonstrative  science. 
An  attempt  to  a|)ply  the  exact  method  to  sui)ersensible  objects,  lie 
thought,  would  inevitably  lead  to  a  denial  of  the  verv  objects  with 
wdiicli   it   started.      This   was   shoum   clearl_\-   in   the   case   of   S])ino.za 
and  others,  who  started  with  (iod  as  substance.  l)ut  came  at  la>t  b^ 
Mich  a  view  of  God  as  denied  an}-  conscious  personalitv,  and  was, 
indeed,   nothing  but   atheism  and   fatalism.      This   led   Jacobi   to  the 
opinion  that  a  demonstrative  s\stem  of  philosophy  was  impossible; 
and   in   con>e(jUence  he   was   driven  to  seek   the  opposite  method  of 
direct    intuition.      So   that   liis   study   of   Spinozism   did   nc:)t   make  a 
po)siti\-e,   but    onl}-   a   negative   contribution   to   his   thought.      It   led 
him  to  i^'i-l  confidence  in  faitli,  and  to  formulate  his  views  of  mind 
and    suj)ersensible   things    upon    an    intuitive    and    non-mathematical 
l)asis. 

Cnlicisjii.  Wdien  in  1781  Kant  published  his  Kritik  dcr  rcincn 
ycrnuuft,  Jaco)bi  had  already  reached  most  of  his  philoso])hical  con- 
ce{)tions.  Ihit  his  stud}-  of  Kant's  great  work  gave  form,  if  not 
much  content,  to  his  thought.  The  /Esthetic,  in  which  Kant  en- 
deavored v>  sliow  the  subjectivity  of  the  forms  of  space  and  time. 
Jaco,l)i  crsnceived  to  be  cimiplete  sul)jective  idealism.  For  if  s|).'ice 
and  tin;e  are  but  subjective  determinations  of  our  thought,  then  tlie 
objects  which  we  ce.neeive  to  be  in  space  and  time  are  equallv  <vA^- 
jective.  The  fact  that  we  conceive  them  to  be  trul\-  external  does 
not  in  an\-  way  make  them  such.  l)ut  only  proves  that  along  with 
tlie  ideas  of  s])ace  and  time  and  ol^jects,  we  have  the  idea  of  the 
externalit}-  r)f  those  objects.     Tliis  de)es  not  give  real  externalitv.  but 


I  2 


TilL    P.;  ill  JJ^^'1M  1 'V    *.>!- 


il.     fALUi;l. 


Diih^   the  '  itlva  *  i'i  vxlvvwiuiiv.      [ac-  1  i   \va-  m   -carcii   <'\    -"]i\:   r 


(.)hivctivit\-,  ami  wai^  thrialix    K.*!  I 


1  ■   i 


iiilatv  iia  ■!'{•  C'  ni:!)]i  tvi  V  iIkih 


CVt 


T  lii>  doctriiu'  f'f  la-ali-iii.      !'' ^r  he  ci'Ikx-u'c*!   that   lla-  i-r 


■  T 


|)}ii!<  >>'  .'phv  w^a-  t 


n  hial  a 


1^  '!   « -n; 
■  t 


1, 


]■  'V  Uiv  ( 'ha'Ct-  '  a 


rral  '  >hu'Cti\at  \\  n 
(>nr  '-en^'t'  pcrci-pti*  ^ii.  hut  ai>«i  i'  r  the  t>])ji;ci>  'a  i-ai 
|)erce])tinn.  Thi^  latter  wa-  llie  |TM])ken  of  an  i  •hji-e;  :\-e  tiui-in, 
which  jac'ln  C''iuai\'i-u  ti»  he  the  V]]">l  iiirulaivieiita!  aiie  tiu-  la-^-t 
far- reach iiv^'  ea  all  pn^hUiii-, 

The  catei^^rii-  -a  the  iin(ler>taialiiii:.  wiiich  Kant  fnun-l  t-^  he 
the  ])resn|)p«  >>iti<  ai  *a  a  -eience  ^a  nature,  \\a.  re  likewise  la  !«i  n*  he 
ileternanatif 'HS  ^f  t]]^_.  kimwuil;  >iihiect.  aial  at  the  ^anu-  lane  ajipa-- 
eahie  le)  t)hi(.'Ct>  a>  phenomena.  ihi\-  wire  n*-!.  hnwe\-er.  api^uahle 
to  nhjects  a<  nianiuna.  -iich  a>  the  >elt,  treed"  sni.  and  ^vl.  1  he--o 
never  entered  the  world  ef  pluaa^niena,  hut  had  tlaar  rea'  IseinL^ 
!)ehind  llle  Wt»rld  '"f  >en>e  <)hiect>.  1  lley  hi-l<  in^LT  t' >  tlie  -jHa.i'e  <  t 
rea-di.  and  the  laws  of  the  inider^iandinL^  are  n^t  ap]>hcah!e  'o  >  du^aa 
ddierefere  all  ar_L,^inrient>  enipn  !\  ini;'  the  (dati\i:'«  ^rie,^  aia-  <«jna;i\  m- 
capal)le  «>f  eith.er  ])rnv!n_i^^  eir  dis|ir<)vin,^"  tlie>e  hlea>  of  Rea-'-n.  An 
exanrlnatieai  of  these  Kant  took  u\)  in  the  Dialectic.  I  ait  Kana  n-raid 
that  in  paire  reas(ai  tliere  nii^iit  he  a  I'aith  in  the>e  nhject-.  wlr.ch, 
howe\aT.  hu  ked  f' *r  it>  >nppnrt  te)  tlie  ]a"actical  reaxtn.  where  tlare 
wa>  rational  .^ronnd  fesr  holdini^-  to  their  reality.  1"hi^  heieaaa;  a 
positive  d(!Ctrine  t'>  lac'Ti.  wlio  had  loni^'  hetiiri'  ciii]chaUd  thai  a 
deir.oiistration  of  di\'ine  thini.:>  wa>  imposMhIe.  htT  a  time.  li-'W- 
e\"er.  lie  thoiiLrht  Kant'>  position  denied  the-c  in  the  1  hna;  Rea-ein, 
(  nl\  to  attirni  tliein  in  the  Practical  Rea.^o,]].  d'hi-,  hie  conceived., 
would  l)e  an  inipo>sihle  p)rocecdiiiyi;-.  Ihit  he  canie  later  to  think  that 
Kant  meant  in  the  Pure  Reason  neither  to  dieny  nor  te.  alVirm  them; 
while  in  the  Practical  Reason  he  did  clearl\-  afiirni  them,  ddiis 
Jacol)i  accepted  as  the  true  account;  and  it  helped  him  nc-t  only  to 
forirailate  his  own  view  of  faith,  liut  it  helped  him.  likewa-e.  to  see 
more  and  mi^re  that  such  a  faith  is  not  St^  much  feelinj.^  as  reason. 
We  can  notice,  therefore,  tliroui^lKUU  his  writini^s  an  increasini::;  ten- 
denc\-  tr)  _i^i\a"  a  thou<;iu-coutent  to  his  act  <)f  faith. 

(jcfiihlspJiHtiu^l'Jnc.  I'p  to  tlie  time  ^^i  JacRi.  the  usuallv  ac- 
cejited  dieisiou  t»f  mental  a,cti\aties  waas  tlie  Aristoti-lian  hiprirtitr 
divi>i(ai  of  theoretical  and  practical,  < a"  under>tandinL:'  aii'l  will 
(  includiuix  'h>iret.  Pait  aheait  thi<  time  it  hei^an  to  h)e  felt  tlail  th.i- 
was  not  an  exliau>ti\e  di\-i>ion.  Ikauni^'arten,  Meir.  and  .^iilzer  h.'id, 
indicated  tliat  thi>  dj;\-isio.]i  didi  noa  pa'owide  a  place  for  da;  .-'n-:i- 
ti«'ai>  of  pk'asure  and  p>ain.  the  ai^aaeahle  and  the  di^aLireeahk 
1 77? J  d\aen>  detlnitel}'  aial  wath  cijn>ci«;ai>  exp>licitiie>>  |a-oclaiii 


!1 


e-l  lla 


1 


I 


T   ^ 

1  . 


\     .     )      I  .   i  \  ^    \    i    \ 


disc("»\a,  !~\"   I  a    air  'hrr    e-  ■'•rd: 


n  - !  1 


ile 


Wer.     herilUL:",    aie 


\  ler    eW  1-1'  '11 


he  ini.:    ld,.ehnLr.   l  iidi  r-iandiia'\  and    W  lii. 


i  1 . 


ua;:,- 


1  wa-  accu)ied  and  e-ia,h;i-hed  h\'  i\ani.  and  lia--  reiiata 


am  j  .-t    im« aa'-ti'  -ae. 


V    : 


.iir'  aah'  ^al    >id i-i : aieiu    i ija !« 


';  saw  * 


1 


ai\a-ion  \\  a -.  ot'ina'  '  ^laa, i -aeo.  i  "^i  'i 

1.   ■       1 •  .  !       1 


e  w  n  -  an-  alaa'  ni'  a" 


•i.uil    wiiaei    arrueo    icss  C(>a-cr  a-a.    at    a    -.naewhal    ^araaa"   r^ 
Tie'    Raii'.nah^m    -a    tla'    ,//'/'a/>aaa/ ^     liad    ah<  an.    -'h'IU    a,:Md: 


1  a-i,]  vM--':ah' 


madeyaaeie-   wvia-  heumnmLt   a*   'H-   -itai.      u    nao    \no:.i::\    .;iae,i 
Wvi-tuict/  t.i  c^n-i^l  m  anivaa'-aR.  and  ir^m  ilie  da\-  < '\  Sjnia'za  had, 
acc«  c-dmL;] \a    inund    a,rt,-at    dina'aa 
i^teiua  -.      A    -talic   ]  iaaiiui-ai    w  a 


ill    i  11''  '\ai  hna'    a  •■'    m^  iwa^  ia:a    ex- 
it-   i- loical    re>iai.      Aa"aai-i    dii- 


naaaiiaia.   winch   wa>  heemmna  i^  •  coday-e   irom   it^  nwn 


:  .a 


I  1  'v  ,:  a 


waad^aa  --,  llure  -raaaiLT  na  what  ha^  ]»eC'iiiie  i\n*'\\i]  a^  tlie   (;aa'da'a- 


M: :  ,  i,v.  1  ^ 


hu\   or.   iitherwa^e.   the    h"aith-PhilMXMph\a      (R   ihi-   die   tir-t 


expiaai  aa\-<  'Cate  an<i  ex]  ••  rani  w  a-  !  tamanm  the  aa  ^^t 

;i...  a 


1    •    '  ;  ;  1  , 


waater 


W.'i> 


eravia  waine  it>  cieaa'e;-t  mtirpiaaur  wa^  jact 


The>e  men  conceuaol  that,  a-  i  xi>tenci-  wa^  indixidaal  and  lad 
imi\aa"-ah  j'hib '<o])h\'  naa-t  he  ahle  in  >'-aK'  wai\'  to  La'a-])  the-e  m- 
dwadaaR.  a>  tluw  are  the  ^-ulv  true  heinya  ;  tea-  onR-  m  Ci 'iiceivmi.:^' 
tla-e  can  philoscipln-  couceixe  the  triitli.  It  is  not  cai^aiyh,  tluy  -:ad. 
tu  yra>])  the  concept-  of  pure  >cientihc  tlaaiyiit:  the  in«a\id^aiR 
mu-i  he  knowai.  The  true  is  the  ^uR-  ha^i>  for  iruih.  aa'  on:\- 
a>  the  tree  is  I'xperienced  can  the  truth  he  kiiowaa  Tla/  scicuiiac 
concipt  ajii)eare(l  to  them  to  he  an  ahstiaict  uni\er-ah  and  a-  -'aai 
was  madeyuate  to  contain  the  weailli  >  •i  concrete  ex]>erieace.  1  he 
oui\  ailernati\a'  tluw  could  -ee  wai-  the  ccaicrete  indixadaah  aa'  a- 
Net  tile  conce|)t  r>f  a  concrete  uni\aa'.-al  wa>  unknowai  ti  >  |Rii"sr,phy. 

ddaw  therefiaa'  endeavored  to  o\-erthn)W  the  dioctrine  tliat  c*-nce])ts 
contain  the  trutli  ;  for  as  the\'  und.erstood  tlie  term,  craiccjits  certainly 
coukl  not  contain  the  fulness  of  real  liein.i^.  (  )nly  in  feelin^C;,  wliich 
wais  ])urelv  individual  and  c<aicrete,  coiuld  such  indiAuduaR  he  known. 
All  knowledge,  then,  starts  from  individual  existences,  and.  phikiv- 
oph\-  deals  ouR"  wath  individual  essences.  This  feeliiyc:  (  ar  faith,  as 
it  wa>  likewase  called)  C(aitains  all  the  world  of  realit}' ;  for  lav  it  all 
indixaduaR  are  knowai.  and  hi-<i(k>  individuals  there  i>  neahmy". 
d'hii:-    kiaas  ledye.    howawa-r.    ii-v    the    v^ry    reasc)n    that    Ciaicej)'..-    are 

ama   e-r  d-'Ctrine.  l)ut   must   reaaun   a 


,        ahstraact.  canrieit  he  ])ut   mt 


a  I  o ! 


lis   nu'stical    indivahiai    : 


matter    i^  -r   the   mdivaaia!    -<  'Ul    ai'  ne. 

(.iia--ed  t''  hoth  ortliodox\-  and  raiiMualism.  and  contiiUs  it^-R  wRh 

^Cf.    ^hier,    Thr    Princ-r^c     '^    Teleology    in    'Jic    Cr'^iai!   Philosophy    of   Kant, 


,.e 


-  ie-i;c;..r!a.t 

2 


a:,:.    IPs' 


•  orv      *"  M  Prr}^    ''"hilosophy,  Eng.   trr.n?..  p.   310. 


^ 


14 


'\^\ 


t  } 


\f.  (  'i'l 


.1  ^ 


thf   hare  assiTtinti  ni    tJir   c^-nttiU   * -i    !i>   tix-htiL:. 

C(,a]>Cl':  'H>    lin-{)llilns(  i|)li_\  .'"' 


I    r 


llMec  i. 


a 


The  points  which  the-c  |)]iil<  >M|)hiT^  eniplia^izrd  arr  l\\u>  > 


It.  M 


l)e  t\V(»:  Mrst.  that  all  existence  i>  iiiiliNadiial,  aiKi  th:it  ilKrefiUx-  all 
knuwKd^a;  must  he  <*f  inilu  i(liial>  :  ami  secemd.  th:it  feeling;,  wui 
coMCejtN  of  the  iinderstandini^.  i--  that  h\'  which  real  existence  ^'^ 
kn(swn.  This,  it  i.s  >een,  ani<'inU<  nd  iaily  to  an  acceptance  I'l  th.e 
new  third  elenient  e»i  nnnd,.  hut  to  it>  cT'wation  to  a  place  ahi  iw  tlie 
other  two,  the  understandin.^'  and  tlie  will.  The  (jcfuhlsf'lulosi'f'hi^', 
therefore,  represents  the  extreme  reaction  a^i^ain^t  the  ratif>nali>m 
of  the  current  philo-oph)-  ')(  th.e  .-I ufhunini^.  \\diat  dr<»ve  thiin 
to  this  extreme  wa>,  ])rt)hal)l\-,  the  de>ire  to  con>erve  the  actr.:ility 
of  (iod.  who  in  the  .lufk/iinnr^  hadi  hecoine  a  mere  name,  an  ah>tr:ict 
universal.  Kant,  (ni  the  eitlu-r  hand,.  acccT)ted  th.e  tlnar  element-, 
but  left  them  ce)(")rdinate  factors  of  mind,  ddiat  KantV  poNition  w  :m 
the  truer  there  can  he  hut  little  doid^t.  jhit  that  the  philox  ijdi'v'  > 'i 
feelin^LT  contained  an  element  wdiicli  was  a  \-alid  ])roU'^t  a,i:'am-t  ih.r 
[)revailin_<4-  Rationalispa,  we  .shall  endiea\or  to  .show  in  the  loHowiii^- 
chapters. 

Jaceihi  started  froun  this  ^^tand|)oint,  wdiich  he  luTl  in  conTmo»n 
with  the  other  memhers  of  the  scho.il.  lUrt,  as  we  shall  see  later. 
he  worked  somewhat  awa\^  fre)m  this:  feir  thetui^li  continuin_^'  t^  hold 
\n  their  doctrine  <»f  immediiac\\  he  came  nK^re  and  m(>re  iliron^lv  im 
his  writin^i^s  te)  admit  a  thoni;ht~content  in  the  place  of  the  hare 
tnidilTerentiated  feeling-.  In  this  he  moved  awa\-  from  the  ^ch' >ol 
with  which  he  started,  and  pe>inted  the  wav  to  trie  more  adr(|-'ate 
view.  In  so  far  as  he  did  this,  lie  prepared  the  \\:\y  for  He.i^tl,  h\- 
showing;-  the  ina(le(|nac}-  of  the  earlier  ])hil(  »so|)hical  concepts,  an  1 
of  the  earlier  view  of  thonj^ht  in  .ueneral. 

Rojjuinticisni.  In  (ierman).  Romanticism  was  a  protest  a^u^'ainst 
the  hard  rationalism  of  the  .liifklarm^^,  whicli  had  attempted  to  i;-i\e 
a  somewhat  mathematical  account  of  man,  as  of  some  materi:d 
object.  Ihit  it  was  more  than  a  mere  protest.  It  felt  the  irivsterx 
of  life,  the  inexpressible  ni\stery  of  spiritual  existence,  and  en- 
deavo.red  to  i^ive  it  some  exp-ression.  liowever  in:ide(iiiate.  K  '!iiaii-- 
ticism  voiced  those  hidden  aspirations  which  cannot  he  measured,  and 
catalo.crned.  tho>e  deeper  feelinirs  which  do  not  readilv  \ield  them- 
selves to  exact  treatment.  It  was,  th.erefore.  not  so  nuich  a  dit-tlnilt' 
philosoj)h_\-  as  a  Zcif.^j'ist.  which  f<'imd  expression  quite  a-  much  in 
art  an<l  literature  as  in  philo>ophy.  ddie  human  spirit  h.ad  beco.mr 
conscious  of  itself  as  such,  and  found,  that  it  wa.->  po.s>cs.-.f'l  of 
emrttions  and  ideals  wliich  coiihl  sc:irceU-  he  exjtressi'd  in  conce])Ps, 

•  WindflSai-ul.   {Vt'Xi"/:.r.";;<-  lU^y  )-c::r-i->:   F  h:ii>s<  •('!:  ir .   Pain!    I,   |».    57:. 


( 

mi 


I  110. 


W  Rl'f  IXd: 


IS 


(■■r  wTich.  at  l^a-t.  had  m-ver  vet  f-mnd  an\-  -ucii  extn-e>si^  ^n.      It  wa- 
evsrntialh-  a  movement  m  wdiich  actualit\   w-as  reirarded  as  dwadlm^ 
m  concrete  experiences,  rather  than  in  what  was  considered  abstract 
^^^^"'^^^''-      Schle-el  said  that  those  best  comprehend  trutli  who  have 
experienctd    the    mo>t    moods. ^       All    thiii-s    were    inter|)reted    with 
reterence    t^-   the    needs   and    spiritual    interests   of   man.      Thu<    did 
^chelliiiL:   interpret   even   nature.      It    foun.l   the   depth   *n    reaiitN-   m 
the   human    spirit:   an.l    m   tlie   experiences   and   revelationv   of  that 
>pirit  all  truth  was  known,     ddie  world  i.f  sense  was  but  the  made- 
(juate  expression  of  the  liidden  soul  (»f  thinirs,  in   wdiich  alone  was 
com|)lete   reality.-      Romanticism   was,   then,   essentiallv  a   return   to 
a   spiritual   view  of  thiui^-s,  to  a  reco--nition  of  the   realitv  not  onlv 
cf  tliou-iit  but   of  feelini^.     lUit  it  could  not  Imyr  fi„(j  satisfaction 
m  mere  sj)iritual  ex{)eriences  :  it  rar)idl\-  passed  into  ever\-   form  *  .f 
expression,  thou.i^ii  most  readily  into  art  and  literature.     Audi  wdieii 
the    kno.u-in.Q-   mind   had    thus   asserted    its   ri_o-ht    to   a   share   in    tlie 
mental  life,  the  movement  irave  rise  nvit  only  to  philoso|)hical  theories. 
l)ut  likewise  to  theories  e>f  art  and  literature  and  historv  wdiich  have 
i:reatl>-  enriched  the  modern  world. 

With  this  movement  Jacobi  was  in  heartv  svnipatliv.  and  from  it 

1  •  -  -  I  , 

he  receive.l  mucli  ins])iration.  Its  spirit  and  purpose  were  the  same 
a-  his  own,  as  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  his  earlier  writini.r-s  were  all 
romances.  He  felt  the  richness  ni  ex]>erience,  but  felt  that  it  could 
nc»t  ])e  put  into  concep.ts.  /.  c.  he  felt  that  so  far  as  the  understandimi 
was  concerned  there  were  o^reat  mysteries  in  human  experienxe.  S 
he  hekl  to  tlie  o|)position  between  head  and  heart, — thoug-h  we  are 
inclined  to  think  that  this  meant  less  and  less  to  hiiu  as.  in  the 
course  of  his  career,  he  was  driven  to  attempt  a  formulation  of  his 
doctrines.  T.ut  the  opposition  never  entirely  disappeared.  lie  alwavs 
thou.i:ht  that  the  heart  had  deeper  experiences  than  the  head  coti'ld 
redtice  to  concepts. 

Tlie  intbience  of  Romanticism  upon  Jacobi.  then,  was  to  im- 
I)ress  upon  liim  the  rich  content  of  experience.—the  s})iritualitv  ni 
life  and  its  forces.  For  he  did  not  feel  that  this  life  could  hnd 
ade(|uate  exp-ression  in  terms  of  mere  intellect.  In  this  {)articular 
^^''  ^'^'^  ^"^■^.^^  >tro.no;ly  the  intluence  of  the  Faith  I'hilosophv  ;  for 
thoui^b  Ivirnamicism  irave  him  inspiration,  the  form  of  his  pliilose)j)hv 
^y^^  kir-ely  conditioned  by  his  relation^  to  the  Faith  Philosophv. 
*'^'^-  '^^  ^';^'  ^^-^^^  ^^'^^  «^>  \ve  proceed,  he  was  not  consistent  in  this 
evc-n  m  hi-  early  life:  and  m  lii.s  later  life  he  departed  from  it  still 
further.      I  liis  is  seen  by  his  use  of  the  word  '  reason  '  wdiere  he  liad 


o 


V  <  1  \" c 


-<-■.    S^irif    of  MoJt-r    rh:i<'Sf-'f'i:\     p.    i -/, 


(-  / .    llf(ii,e.    Mi!>''.):    Lu'h,-)'^    K><; 


IV  vn 


-;~ic   and    Rorr.antii 


1  I 


i6 


TTIE    rillLOSOPHV    OF    F.    H     T\ 


Ci    sT'I 


Kii ti  1 .     ^|i(  )\\' iDu   thai    !  1 


foniii-r'K-   I ]-.;*! 


1  '  I.  I  :^ 


viiinent  oi 


Wkiiixc-.      111.   ciiic'f   phil.-^q.Iiioai    \v=  rk-    .rr. 

•^/■'./.■/.y  /•/■/. 7.U/;;: ///////;  ^^    I  774. 

n  (:/,/i'/;/,./r.   a   pli!!' '-.  .pliiral    iiM\a-].    I77<i. 


'. '  ■•  \v 


1    . 1 


in- 


w«  >rk-. 


Oi   this  c-scncc   tak.v-   a   il^ulAv  <hr,xu>.u,  ,  ,u;c  a>   ticti-n    m   . /,7r,'/7/ 

aii'l   a-aiii   a^   actuahiv    in    ir>>!,!c;;ijr.      h    ha^    lufii   iiiaiiuain..'    in' 

Zini-icl)!   that   thr^c    two   unrk^  arv   tlir  <a,lv   Kvniiiiie  phih ..,  .nhu-al 

works   or  jacohi.-^thal   tliry   an.-   the'   milv   ,,„,■,   ,„   ^vhich   hi:-   ].  uir 

view  ,)t   thin:;,   f-mral  a^opiatc  rx]ua-MMn.      Fnr   whrro  ].hik -.  .-.iu- 

IS  onlv  a  hvin-  p.nvor  of  the  xml.  and  nm  a  >vstcni  nf  aMctriiua  tlir^o 

'^^''  ^^;^'  ''"l^'  ^""n^i>  in  which  it  o.nkl  tnilv  .■xpr.-.  it.sclf.     Thrv  aiT. 

tluTc-fDrca  -not  nnly  thie  truc>t  niiiTor,  hm  the  milv  tnie  krv  t-Mhe 

h.art-phik^.ophv  ,)f  Jacnhi.-'      ihit.  a^   w.  niaintahi.   ihnv   wa^ 

other  eKnu'iit   m   his  phik.M)phv,   whidi  hecanu-   increa<iiiolv  pn:nn 

nent   throughout  his   hife.  an.l   which   aLnie  eiuitk-.^   him   to' rank   a 

a  phikjsophcr.  and  which  is  seen  Fetter  m  some  e,i   his  other 

Bicfc  iibcr  die  Lrhrc  Sf^iiio-as,  1785. 

DazU  Hume  ilbcr  dcji  Glaubcn,  odcr  Idcalismus  uud  RcaUs;ui<< 
witli  an  Appendix  Uchcr  den  transeendeutalen  Idealisiinis,  178^. 
Kuno  Fischer  re-arcF  this  as  his  most  important  work.  It  is  ir/the 
form  of  a  (Halo-ue  between  the  author  and  an  interlocutor. 

Bnefe  iiber  die  Lehre  Spiun.cis.  Second  e(htion,  containing  im- 
portant appendixes.  1789.  ^ 

Ueber  das  Unternehmen  des  Kniieismus  die  Vernunft  zu  Ver- 
standc  cu  brijforcn^  1801. 

Von  den  xoffUcIien  Din^^en,  iSii.  This  was  directed  chiefly 
against  SchelHng-. 

irerke,  a  compk'te  echtion  of  his  work?  in  six  vohimes,  upon  which 
he  was  en-a-ed  at  the  time  of  his  death.  It  was  compK-ted  In- 
Koppen,   i8i2-i82>. 


u 


i 


I 


F  1  i  A  i 


AK     li. 


JACOB]  > 


■^'-^d'ulXr    .WI)    FRUFFIAI. 


J"'^~'  '''■  -^  ^-'■i'---i:  -tan.V,  ini  wa--  virtualh  ad-.pied  whHe  uiider  ihe 
''^'^;^^-^'^'^'  '-'  rAi-i.-ii^  lA;i;>n;,  and  hei-.re  he  had  -iveii  ]mv.^v\i  -cri- 
''";■-;/"  I'^i^'-'-'A^F-  11'-  pinA.npliical  readin-  ami  reliection  Init 
^^'^^  '■'■'■  '•'  de\ei-].  ihi^  -tai!dp,aiu.  which  may  he  caHed  ^pirit- 
■vi:]i\vici-]u.      He  heheved  that  all  km^wledire  comes  hv  actual 


liaii-IlC  e 


experience.  Iiiu   [jiat   e\]>erience   is  more  than   mere   seiisihilitva      'jdie 


Sll]  >el"^eil>i!tle    1-- 


much  tile  n1)ject  of  experience  a^  the  -en-iiAa 
FmiIi  alike  ])einL:  -iven  in  immediate  perce])nnii.  lA,.  present  chaj)- 
ter  will  mdax.te  the  manner  in  which  lie  deveAi)ed  this  >ian(Ar.int. 

.\-  we  have  alreadx  seen.  Jacchi's  interest  m  pliikasc*] Av  was  more 
tliaii  the  mtcTevi  Ml  the  mere  schular.  Ili>  j.nrpose  was  to  tFid  a 
''-■^^^"^^  "^  knnwled-e.  not  f. -r  its  liwn  sake,  hut  for  the  S|)intnal  rest 
winch  he  liope.l  could  l)e  thus  (Atained.  Tlie  contemplation  of  tlie 
workl  was.  to  him,  a  means  to  the  life  of  tlie  siiirit.^  Like  Spinoza, 
'\^-  ^^'^-^  oaivmced  of  the  vanity  of  all  merely  worldly  pursuits  and 
aims/-  and  with  this  thouo-ht  in  mind,  gave  up  the  mercantile  life  in 
order  to  pursue  more  directly  the  life  of  the  spirit. 

His  philosophy,  accordingly,  was  not,  in  the  first  instance,  a 
product  of  rational  thinking,  hut  the  ex])ression  of  his  powerful 
feeling  and  his  dee])  si)iritual  life.  It  was  his  own  individual  JVelt- 
ansehannji^,:,  and  did  not  constitute  a  complete  theoretical  system. 
It  was  first  implicitly  contained  in  rhapsodies,  correspondences,  and 
romances,  and  only  at  a  later  time  was  made  explicit  in  philosophical 
treatises.  Throughout  it  all  he  fully  acknowledged  a  supreme  rclig- 
iotis  purpose,  saying  that  he  did  not  write  for  the  purpose  of  mere 
science,  hut  with  a  distinctly  s])iritual  purpose. •■  Fie  further  said 
that  he  did  not  intend  to  construct  a  ])hilosophv  for  the  schools:  for 
his  ])hilo.s(.phy  was  that  of  his  own  head  and  heart,  and  not  according 
to  truth  in  general.^ 

JacrAi  himself  anticipated  tlie  objections  whiclt  may  be  made  to 
his  doctrines  on  the  ground  that  thev  are  the  expression  of  his  |)er- 
>oiial  life  and  character,  and  that  therefore  they  do  not  sprinir  from 

'  I\'.   a,   p.   XV.      Cf.   7a 

'S]'i!:u/a,   •■  (  In   the    FnprcviniLnt   of   the    Fn(kT^tan(i^^ 
SfMp:^/:.-;-    Jr,.'e.v,   \a,h   II,  p,    3, 
'  I\'.   a.   {I.    xxi. 
*  lh:d..   p.   x\  ii. 

17 


.elkr.    ( ,cscli:cliU:   iUr   licu :srhcH    I'hiL'Si^piiic     i).    4^; 


:."    Knsj.   trans.    !  y    Ehve 


1 


IM 


N 


b 


i.  s  ^  v..       I   '  ■ 


'I'iiL    I'liiLUbui'l  i\'     uF    F. 


rx^OBi. 


I     i. 


'\'* 


1   trniri   111   crnirrai. '      ili-  ^aw   the   f.  ■' 
l^'H,   }-i;t    he    iM>iM(^^;    liiai    tln,^    .|i(!    rmi    i)rc\-fnt    |1., 
iia\iiii^"  a  >ii^i]i[!cai]C(;   f<  a^  a   wci'M   ilicisrw*      Ifr  aaa 
thai  thosf  t^!  \\"laiiM  |>cr>(  .naiit\-  did  iii.i  apin-ar  --< 
(lid  to  liini  wf.uld  rii't  lind  much  in  hi>  jtliil.  .^(  ,pli\ . 
that    he    TL-'^-dVili-i]    \u>    >taiidp.- -nit    aial    In-    \iv\v 
finidaiiKiital   to  an   unfK.'r>tandinL^  df  hi^^  dftctrniv-. 
Jacnhi's   cmpirioal    >tand|)(ant    was   u^w   v  ■>   tiu;   rati 


liie  ob 


i  i.  >  (.  ■ 


■■■  i.^i 


1-, 


nnflankiitai   a-   it 

f  Iv  thii-  Av.  .\\a;d 

1     I  Hi"^i  Miaa  1  V    a> 


'■nan: 


ai^c.  thnuirh   it  was  cnmnKtn  tn  hnii   with  nian\    oduT  ihinisi-r 


."^ 


and 
\aiii 


wa<  being-  worked  out  not  only  h>y  Haniann.  and  Herder.  Inn  ])\ 
in  a  soniewliat  (Hfferent  wa\a  aial  be  the  writer-  of  tlie  Iv.tinantic 
schooh  It  wa<,  indee(h  in  the  air,  and  ])hilost  .j^hw  whaeh  i-  "'  die 
speech  of  the  Zc//-c/.s7."  was  ])eing  transformed  b\-  n.  ddu-  ..Id 
dechictive  methods  were  lo-ing  tlieir  hoM  upnu  th.e  time-,  aaid  die 
newer  empirical  method>  were  taking  their  places.  Win  it  wa-  n.  a^ 
till  >ome  time  afterwards  that  the  new  methnd.-  succesM'ulkv  and 
completel}-  occupied  the  field  of  phikoophv. 

That  Jacobi  a(loj)ted  the  new  standpoint  is  sen  b\-  hi<  de-criptb.n 
of  what  he  regards  as   the  ta>k  of  philosophy.      He  thought   it   the 
business  of  phik)sophv,  not  to  construct  or  deduce  life,  but  merely 
to  give  an  account  of  what   life  itself  constructs  out   of  its   experi- 
ences. *     The    older    philoso])hy    (dogmatism)    had    tried    to    de(luco 
life  from  some  concept  which  seemed  to  it  fundamental,  after  the 
manner  of  geometry  with  its  concept  of  si)ace.      Hut  the  true  metho*! 
is   not   to  have  one's   acts   si)ring   from   one's   philosophv,   but  one's 
philosophy   from   one's   acts   and   life.'      Philosophy   cannot   ])recede, 
k)ut  must  always  follow  experience.     "*  Out  of  the  enjovment   |ex])e- 
riencel  of  virtue  arises  the  idea  of  virtuous  being;  out  of  the  enjoy- 
ment  [experience]   of  freedom,  the  idea  of  a  free  being:  out  of  the 
enjoyment    [experience]    of  life,  the  idea  of  a  living  being:  out  of 
the  enjoyment    [experience]    of  the  divine,   similarly,  the  idea  of  a 
God-like  being,  and  of  God."'^ 

As  a  strict  empiricist,  Jacobi  emphasized  life  as  all-important  and 
prnnary,  and  as  the  pro])er  startin,g-i)oint  for  pliilosophv ;  wlhle 
theory  is  but  secondary,  a  mere  explanation  of  the  facts  of  life. 
What  he  found  in  life  must  be  given  a  place  in  theory:  and  not  as 
an   illusion.'   but   as   a   fact   to   be   reckoned   with.     Life,   especially 

'  I\".   a.  i».   xii. 

■'  IbuL.  p.   ]ii, 
'  Ib:J..   p.    li. 
'IbuL.  I  p.   J34-5. 
'  Ibuf.,  p.  jjj, 

'/^;<^.  p.   J41. 

'  This   IS  a   favunte  resort  of  the  uld   and   the  new  Aitrkiaruug,  and   of  sonic   of 
the    KvolutK^n    or   I'uri.-- Kxpenence  philosophies   of  to-day. 


JACOBI'S    STWDPOIXT   AND    PROBLEM. 


spiritual  lif 
or  else  d 


lie    \\ 


«  ■  f  1- 


^:v-d    i-  r   k\-  docir:i]i_ 


^ctrnie   nui-i 


wel 


ol   Uioll    liidepc  ndoni    ( 

disdain    f- .r   the    u]u,\ 


can,  bra 
dlo    lle-h 


h,   fT- 


:  •  1. 


H 


(: 


abi  iinmat  ii  ai 


L:'ent,-rai 


■laiidr*'  lint   i^r;  w 


lit  <  .1 


IV  K,  \\  1 1 1 !  0  .\p:  o---- 
^r    da}-,    whicii    to 

t;u    ieoiim.j.  C'';]ii 


:a\-s  : 

■I ,  • »-  •  t 

_   :"^:v 

"^       (.1  i  1 

mm 


\^nh  ot]u;rs.  tliat  tlure  wa^  imi  nu^,-]^  vahie  in  the  current  dediiciive 
s}-iuii.   oi    phikKMDJiy.^      JUu,   a>   he   carried    the   revolt    m   greator 
^'^^'■^•;'^'^  '^^^^"   '''''''}'  ''^^^^'5->.  aiul  as  lie  liad  his  own  peculiaruio^  of 
tliMiigiit.  he   found  he  wa>  often   greatly  misunderstood.      He   wrote 
to  Hamann:  -  J  do  not  know  if  they  understand  me.      li  \  e-i  uiider- 
'  >ta]id   iixa   then    im])art   suital)le  counsel   to  the  honest    wlio  m   these 
(K^u-t    ])laces    are   distressed    and    le)ok    abeait    them    i(,r    deliverance, 
^'idy  yet  held  erect  and  strengthened  throtigh  devout  ])reseiniment."^^ 
'^";^  because  Jacobi   regarded   these  spiritual   exjieriences  as  bevond 
and  d,eej)er  than  the  understandiing.  he  himself  found  it  dillicult   to, 
''^';*^'"^    ^''^'^'^^^    ^^^'   ^'^^^i^t.      He   continues    in    his    letter   to    Hamann: 
"   khere  is  light  in  my  heart,  but  when  1  would  bring  it  to  the  under- 
standing it  disappears.     Wdiich  of  tlie  two  elements  is  the  true  one. 
—that  of  the  understanding-,  which,  indeed,  fixes  forms,  but  Ix-hind 
them   shows  only   a   bottomless  abyss,   or  that   of  the  heart,   which, 
indeed,  throws  light  promisingly  upwards,  l)ut   fails  in  detc-rminate 
knowled-e?     Can  the  human  mind  grasp  the  truth,  except  through 
the  union  of  both   in  a   single  light?     And   is  this  union   thinkabTe, 
excejn  through  a  miracle?"^ 

lliis   shows   the  two  elements  in   his   view   which   to  the   last   he 
found  it  impossible  to  reconcile.     On  the  one  hand,  he  was  deeply 
impressed  with  the  reality  of  the  experiences  of  the  heart.     He  was 
by  nature  g-ifted  with   a  deep  mysticism,  and   with   a   sense  of  the 
sui)ersensil)le  and  the  divine.'"'     On  the  other  hand,  he  was  imi)ressed 
with  the  value  of  science,  and  of  the  concepts  of  the  understanding, 
"F,  as  he  says,  of  the  knowledg-e  of  the  head.     The  former  consti- 
tuted  the  i)ositive  element  in  his   doctrine:  the  latter,  the  negative. 
*•  Idle  positive  content   of  Jacobi's   pkiilosojdiy   refers,   consequently. 
to   love  and   life:   the  negative,  to   the  c  aicept   and,   to   science:   an.] 
iietw.en    the    two    stands    his    ])rejudice    of    their    irreconcilabditv."' 


k   p.    ^{Os. 

M.  pp.  ^f,f>^■:. 


t:r::fschi-}:   Philosophic    0 


4    ; ; 


^  Kuhii.  y,;,  ,  /o   joui  ::-c  Pliilosofhie 


SCI,   i  r 


6    7:rv.-, 


J:IC.:Ih's   Lc^'Cr.    !':.■;  -c:    and   Dcnkcn 


I).    ] 


.1-f 


p.    44. 


20 


J  hr  hr-l 


TiiL    i'iiiLOSOPHV    Ui-    1 


lAij  )i:[ 


\  '  »  '      C-}  /"i  t**"^  ^ 


()i    i\\e   niilui.liial   ai 


])"s;rivf   (Menu'tlt    C^TCW   nut   r,f  lii.    C'   llCrpti"!:    '^f   'lu;    \-aluC 

'    '.;!(■   ill!  ;i\'i<!ii;d    f\|)r!-u  iicr^.     Till-    lie  got 


^^ii"K^''>'  ^^■''''5  i'i^-n-ni.  wiiii-li.  likr  a']  n;.  a  i■■lk^ll^.  thai  .-prai 
the  Rfi(  a-iaati' •!!,  placrd  pnniarx-  imp^  a-laric<-  ^  .n  the  inui\-akiai  aial 
bis  >]aruuai  rxjicririicts,  ;;s  !>  sfrii  ni  liir  dMatriia  ^a  I  iistiiicau'  n 
1)}'  I'aiih.  1  li!>,  pmhaMy.  naaa-  tluni  aii\'  laluT  iii!hiriicr.  \v<\  \A\\~ 
\u>t^\>\\\  in>i!i  tiK  C!  nisjiUaaitit  >n  of  <  >niMi.  ^--iaai  aial  c< 'sni- lis  ^-iaal 
pmhkias  to  that  of  p>\  da  *lML:!ca].  HiU  whiii  jac*u)i  \\aaiU-.  tlaa  ni- 
lliuiicc  had  not  \ci  cxtuKKai  ihrMu^hont  the  |)lii]MN(  iphical  W'a-ia, 
and  the  current  i)hilrss()|)h\'  of  liif  -aliooj^  \\a>  mWi  <>\  the  (b  lo-niaiic, 
deductive,  t\pe. 

Hi>   ac([uaintance   with    the    French    Sensational    Sciion].    and    with 
the    writini^-s   of   the-    hhii^H.^h    hjnpirici>t>.    had    con\an.ce(l    liii!]    that 
HKhvidual    experien.ce,    or    the    p-_\  cholo^^acal    nielhoih    \va-    the    i.p.lv 
true  ])hilosophical  niethofh      ddii-.  however,  he  liad  aha-ad\-  learriedi. 
in  its  rehi4-iou>  a>])ects.  throu-ii  in-  C'lmirction  willi    i'ieli-m.  ihiai-li 
this  nioNemeiU..  of  cour>e.   placed   ihe  (ni])has!>  oii   different   a-mcis 
of    experience.      Wdth    Locke    anal    Ilunu'    lie    helie\ed    tliat    all    our 
knowled^i^e   coir;e>    from    experience   in   it^   two   a>p)ects   of   Sen>ation 
and   Reflection;  and  it   wa<  doul)tles>    from   this   somw   that   he  i^'ot 
this  |)art  of  his  doctrine.      W  ith  these  writers,   too,  lu-  heliexed   tliat 
the    limits    of   individual    exj)erience   are    the    limits   of    phalosophical 
incfuir}-,  and   that   that   of  which   tlu'   m(li\iduad   i>   conscioUcS   consti- 
tutes the  entire  material  of  philosophical  investi;^ation.      Hume  had 
thus  drawn  philosophx-  down  from  the  skies  l)v  showing;  the  im])os- 
sibility  of  the  application  of  (/  f^rioi-i  princiides  outside  the  rauLTe  of 
experience.^     lUit  by  his  arbitrary  hmitation  of  knowledi^e  to  phe- 
nomena as  im[)ressions  u])on  the  senses.   Hume  left   reason  a  mere 
elaborative  faculty,  saying  that  "  no  kind  of  reasoning  can  give  rise 
to  a  new  idea,   .   .   .   l)ut  wherever  we  reason.,  we  must  antecedentlv 
be  possest  of  clear  ideas. "- 

This  limitation  of  knowledge  to  ])henomena  is  virtuallv  a  denial 
of  the  possibility  of  any  piu-el>  (/  priori  kn<nvledge. — (/  priori  in  the 
sense  of  being  entirely  independent  of  experience;  and  also  of  any 
knowledge  of  a  prion  princii)les  of  knowledge.  This  view  e>f 
knowledge  Jacolii  accepted,  for  he  too  Ijclieved  that  such  knowl- 
edge is  (juite  impossible.  lUit  while  denving  the  ordinar\  a  prion 
knowledge,  there  is  one  kind  (oi  knowledge  to  which  he  womld  L:i\e 
the  name  a  priori,  viz.,  those  concept-  and  principles  which  are  <  .b- 
tained  positively  and  immediately   fr<im  tlie  actiiadi,  /.  c.  frean  mtiii- 


Mlk  i>.  69. 

'  I'rcatisc   of   Huinaii   Niiturt-    1,  Sfli'V- Ijiuc 


c    (.■!!! Ill  ai 


!  ! 


I 


.i 


GOBI'S   STANDPOINT   AND   PROBLEAl 


t:' 


!  V, 


1 ' :  >  I 


, . . 


'     ''•<■.  *'e    I  »|](^  Hi  ,]]] 


:er   wcTii-^ 
1 


T 


2f 


»Dl 


iv 


a , 


Mi  i  -t. 


a  a:    I  >; 


1 


■''  ^'^■"-'.  ^i^'v'  :is  nuicii  given  in  txpe- 

'    '''S      ViK.      >0O]n<      {{ 


'  *  "^ ' '  ■  ^  ■■  \  o  .  I  '  K 1 1 
L  h  e  e  1 1 M  ■ :  1  (.; . 
?i'^Ti-.      ''ilia 

.,.   ,  "\"'     :   ;■;    -^-i--^>-.      ....>   ,„    ......   t,.   Uave   K,:rnO 

"~"^  '""^  >^-^ani.nni:.n,.  |;,„  h,  .v^anio]  KantV  ^awn^n  ui\^[<^ 
"'■"'"  ^-^^^=— i-'P^  cn^ll  1,  ^;„„,,!  „,.k.iH.,!eni  uf.  and  ,v.. 
''^■''"•':  ■'•■■  ' -^l-'--''--^'  •'-  iHc...ar_V»'f,u,l....  Thi...  In..  U,mu^.I„  ,,,,,:.: 
"';'■;"'";■'   i-;-vi-l^-"OlK.  actual   o,uM   1,.  ...unO   a,,an   fr.;': 

■'7;'^;'^;>^  '>^''  'l'^-  '"^ll--"!'!  1-  known  apan  frnnMhc  true,  a  ,hnK^ 
wnicn   la.    (kerned   ini])ossi})k'.-  '  ^ 

,,  V;V'"'""!"^'  "'  '''^'  l'"-'=-t-t.  had  vinuallv  l,el.l  that  trttlh 
,""\''^-  ;y^  '■■■■^■'^  "■'■'"  ""•  ""'^'!  .-^J'-H-  after  the  nKutncr  „t  o-,.,,.,trv 
;"''   ■'•■';■"'"   >"-'tainO   that   n„iv    ,„   cnn.ec.n   with   Hnsihiluv   a-i^ 

"'\""'^''"-^""""-    -•^■^'   "'^-   "••■'■-     ■^^■"-'   an.l   t,„dor,tan.,hn/nitv't 

7"^''"^'   "'   ';'"''■''"   "•   l"-'"!"^-'^'   kn.wlcdov.      -llK.   two   arc   rccpp.-a! 

''""":"^-   ^"^''    ">"-^'    ^•""^•'•'H'    in   order   that    knowlcdsje   ntav   a-^e 


•■   A 


V.(l    Ml    ( 


,  .  -  ,  '"''  "''"^'  '"y-  "'"  ""'>■  "f  tlH-  knowlcd-c  which  ii  Called 
"  ^'.""■■'  ';"•;"  ■•'"  l<"-wledt:e  „,  ,,.eneral,  that  ,t  cannot  be  w.t'-ked 
"!'    l"-ot..h  the  >e„..e.  hf„  .,„ly  thn,t,ph  the  livitt,.  and  active  facttltv 

(u  tUe  sriUi.   " 

Wlnle   ,.i,y,n,\„^   ,1,.   D. ,i,.n,ati.st<   by   !,„|,li„,cj   to   the   nece^^itv   of 
sense  l.erce,,t,„r,,  he  also  o,,p<.,scd  the  E n,piricists  bv  viewi„,r  n.'n'd 
as  an  active  ltn,ct,M„.     Consciousness  is  active.  an,I  is  one  with  Hfc 
winch   ,..  evervwhere  an   activity.      .Mi„d   is   „o  ,lea<l   niirror.   for  it 
^voul.l   then   be   no  consciousness.'     Reason   is   essentiallv   active'   it 
.s  not  a  -torch,'  but  an  'eye':  for  it  does  not  give  li^ht.-it  se^s  = 
He  saw  clearly  that  con.ciottsness  nntst  he  an  active  functi(.n  which 
Jtul.a.s.   and    not    nierely   a    passive   entity   which    reccvcs   material 
pven  U  ironi  wuhout.      lie  thtis  moved  away  front  Htntte  a,t<l  the 
<M^r  en,p,nc.st„ont  whom,  however,  he  learned  much,  an.l   for 
much  ot  whr,se  philosophy  he  ha.l  a  -ood  deal  of  svmpathv      Con- 
^'"""""~-   '"   -l"^"'-"'    '--^   ■•'"   ••'^■•iv^-   principle   which' is   joined    with 
perception,,  and  constitutes  reason,  which  is  the  essential  excellence 
"f  -'"•  nature.-      In  this  way,  -  the  purest  an.l  richest  impression  lias 

richest   reas,.n   t.,r  its  result.-"     And   this  reason   i.. 


the  pure-t   ;md 


'11.  vv-  -■'.,-- s. 

'/'■■■:..  V    -:-■ 


['■    158. 


22 


PmILOSOi':!'' 


')      ' 


T  ACOBI. 


■h:di 


t  I  '  -1  t 


]}[•.:  i]\-  iri'i \v>;"inL:-  ni   ^i^  ='i    MMrn.' 

a-  actiw.      'I'lic  iinit\-   which   thtrr   i>   in  vxiirrinio^ 

iiK-rc  -ircani  nr  aixi^ri-i^air  oi  cxptTuiioc-.  hiii  i>  hiu-  {'>  n-  hriiiL;-  liic 

t'X]H_TKiiCi-  *if  a  real  crniral  jirincipU'  nf  u\\\\\ — the  -,  oh.      A-  m  the 

iiin\-rr-v  a>  a  whoK/.  sn  in  the  t'X|)crKi]Cv>  cd  man,  th-  ^.nK   nnnxniL; 

princi])lo  is  sjurith"     'ilu'  linnian  >oul  i>  a  real  ])rincii)U;  i.f  njn!\\  i<  t 

it>   natm\-   c<)n>ist>   v^peciahy   in   thi>.   thai   it    is   ahir   1^  •   hi-lni^in-ii 

it.-clf  ir«  iMi  other  ihinL;>. '' 

Jacohi  th.iis  ,Li'i\X'S  evuhviux'  <>f  a  \-cr_\-  clear  concept  inn  (>i  wh.ai  c 'ii- 
stitntes  self-cctnscinusnes<, — a  ce>nce])tion  n])ein  winch  his  whe^le  |)hi- 
l<js<ip!i\'  is  ])a.se(l.  It  wonM  he  too  nincli  to  >a\',  h<*we\'er,  that  hi.>> 
view  is  coin|)letely  a(le(jnate,  or  fnll}-  worked  out.  lUit  he  -aw 
clearly  the  itnicpieness  of  knowl-dox'  and  oi  co)nscion<  actixitw  arsd 
its  e>>etuial  dirference  from  all  the  mechanical  or  hi*  ilooical  proce-->cs 
of  nattire.  Any  fact  of  kn<  )wledi;-e,  (»r  other  in.er.tal  |)roce.>s,  d^ -o^ 
not  conistitiite  an  (shject  in  a  world  of  ohiects.  It  ha->  none  "f  ih.e 
ear-marks  of  a  '  tliin^'.'  It  is  of  a  totall_\-  ddlTerent  <<rder.  iiuA  is 
in  nj ;  wa\-  a  '  particnlar/  after  tlie  mann.er  of  the  ohiect>  of  the 
exteriial  workl.  It  i<.  ^m  the  contrary,  in  ever\-  ca.>e  a  '  tiniver:<d.' 
ai]d  so  can  never  he  a  deternnnation  of  a  '  thin^'/  It  is  a  di^t- r- 
mination  of  spirit,  wdiich  alone  con>titntes  a  >nh>tratnm  for  the 
universal. 

In  accordance  with  tliis,  Jacol)i  afhrmed  >treniiO)nsl}-  that  thon^lit 
is  not  a  mechanical  determination,  ])Ut  an  activity  of  spirit,  ohe\im; 
a  hi_G;her  law,  wdiich,  for  want  of  a  ])eiter  word,  is  commonly  called 
freedo.m.'  That  is  to  sa\-.  the  laws  and  conce|)tions  wdiich  apply 
to  the  external  world  of  ohjects  will  not  apply  to  the  internal  wirld 
of  thonp:ht.  In  so  far  as  man  is  one  amoni^  a  world  of  ohjects,  that 
is,  as  ])ody,  he  is  <::;overned  hy  the  same  laws  of  mechanism  and  nat- 
ural necessity  wdiich  iji^overn  all  other  ohjects.  Freedom  and  natural 
necessity  are,  therefore,  joined  in  man,  thr)uoh  Ii07c  it  is  im|)ossihle 
for  one  to  explain/  It  wdll  not  do  to  deny  the  fact,  however,  for 
want  of  an  adecpiate  explanation.  That  there  are  two  such  distinct 
realms,  the  one  of  freedom,  the  (Uher  of  necessit}",  is  (d)vious  to  all. 
To  deny  freedom  would  he  to  deny  spirit  and  to  reduce  all  to  a 
mech.anism  which  has  an  accom])anyini^  consciousness.  '  I''or  if  man 
is  not  free,  then  all  the  products  of  man  are  produced  neces>aril\-, 
and  intellis^^ence  is  a  mere  onlooker. 

'  III,  p.   4  J  J. 
MI,   p.    J74- 
'Ibu!..  p.   278. 

'  n^!d..  p.  ,U7- 

''Ibid.,  p.   318. 


\ 


I 


JACOBi'^    ^TAXDPOIXT    AXD    ^^RAipi  ]-V 


\\"e 


Vi 


^"he-t   ar^d   nr^-i. 


'].. 


5  .e 


"^''-  ^^'^'-^  >pni>'za.  and  hi.  pr. Aeci -■ 


'"-■-, ''"!'! iw.,  '  r  c'i-i;  We'  are  <  -l 

^ii:'i   Micce»or-  to  accei-t   fataii--^^    -^.J   r.    r,.  ^,  ■       r>  ■  ^ 


ni'Te^wr.  a  iiniver>a]  and  Mitin^',.  tvi*,..- 

'Jiid  ..inniie  iiatUi  e-ineciianiNm  w 

T  T  1  t  .  •  1  1  1  ,  ,  ,  ,  r  T  ,  ,       t        .  .1  ■ 


meaniiiL' 


jn>t   a-  the  knowled-e  .d  natnia:  cannot   Ik-  hs^lf 
I''  '!'''''''•  "^;  '''  ''''^''  ''^'  "^^^^^^-  to  have  any  meanino.  ther 


I'i'-  iia\"e  no 


a  part 


\.     ,  .  "-'v    ..Aii^.    i'l^cimuii,   mere   iiiu^'' 

;  AC   ~';"^  ''"'  7\  ""'  i'^'"^  "'  "'^^  ■'a.nrcnu.chaniMr,:  ^vh.  arc  „„ 

,  r..K.,nc  winch  ,>  .„t.„!c  ,hc  prices..  ,„  nnlcr  that  .Ik-  ,,r„cc-<  -nav 
:""V'"-  "•""""•-  ■'■"^-  a-^-'-l't-n  that  there  ,.  a„  acttual  and  trtte 
rcclon,,  ,„cn,  hcomtcs  ncccs.ar> ,  thc^u^h  it  remains  iV.r  later  muc- 

t.^at.on  to  hx  the  exact  h,ni,>  -,f  f.ccl.nt  a„,l  necc-itv 

iTcci.n,     ,„  Jac„bi-s  conception,   ,t,eans   that   n.an's 'spir.t   i.   no, 

,;"7  '■'  !^'''  '"^''■-'''■'"i-^m  "1"  ".-unre,  btu  in  sonu-  „ian„er  r=-e-  abov,' 

:k";'';"f:V".''A'^^"'"-"-^     Thi.co„s,stsin,heexerci-e:f 
;■■;:  A,  '      "'^''"'^^''^'■"''■"'^>   ^"">i'^"'-rb"w.rof  ,;K-wiii.  orth. 

'    "~"''^  •^'7^-":^''S'">-    "f    the    nttcllectnal    o.ence    over    the    .en--;bV 

;:"":  ;r  f  '"'■'•:  '^'--^''^:'  '-  ^'"  --••'      This  n,eans  that  tl,e\vili 

Toco,.         7'"""      '■"   '  ""  ''■    "''''''  '"^'^~'^'™''^-''''   -l«<-'nninat=o„. 
T    conM,l      the  spnat  as  ntechanicahy  nK>ve,l  ,  as  witi,  Hartlev.  Con- 

'''";"■  '."■  ^■""";:'»   ^-^^'''l  "---sitate  a  nicchanics  of  the  soul"  a/ail- 
en.bracn.  as    .Xewton's   v,ew   of   the   heavens.      .Moreover,    wuh      t 
conceptton  ot  treclont.  no  .,„.  .vottl.l  ever  know  the  lin.i.s  of  the 
otern.ne.  or  that  there  are  hntits  ;  a„,l  withottt  the  consciottsnes 

tiott  ,Z!;. '"'  "  '""  """''  "°  '""'  "•°"'''  ^"°-  -'-^  "— ""- 

actW;f  r';'  ^''''^°"-    '^^^^'f-activity.  thongh  not  a,t  absolute  self- 

or  4  -V    1 1      ?  "'"'•■  '''^  '-^  '""^■"'  ''>■  '■''^■^'■^  -'^-''  -^'  of  olivine 
orwn.       It     does  not  constst  ui  an  absttrd  power  of  deciding  withont 

asons.  nor  even  ,n  the  cho.ce  of  what  is  better  antong  ttsef^l  things, 
;>r  ot  rational  des.re.  .  .  .  Hut  it  ce.nsists  in  this  essentiallv -the 
>"'Jqy"'  >'"ce,  on  the  part  of  the  will,  of  the  desires,-  I„  'other 
w.|rds.  the  wtll  i.s  moved,  not  bv  des.res  which  are  entirelv  phv.ica! 
•"■y-  x'-'s  wh,ch  are  .spiritual;  for  the  choosing  and  ittdg  n' 
SI  .nt  can  disregard  all  the  pro„,,,:i„,,.  ,f  „,,  fl^.,,,.     j^^^^    ^   ^    - 

adeqttate  vaw  of  desire  neO  hardly  b.  urged;  for  it  is  evident  th'a, 

'lb    ,,.     .;. 

'''••■■:■■   I'.    .''•'■    in,    p.    .j.i. 
'  '\'.   ::^   p.    JS, 

'     il.       ]■]'.        S,:-    I 

'  '^"-    •'■    !'■    ^'^•■■'  ■    H,    pp.    4(,,    J,=;-6. 
'Ibid..    ,:    ,' 


I 


24 


Till-    rniL' 


1 .  \  i. 


.  v.  1 1  ! 


tlir  <]c-^irf-  .'I  A  linrnaii  Ikhili  !r.ii^i  c^'iilaiii  Ic  ^h  rali'  nal  an-i  nl 
tiiaiH-!;!- ;  aia!  that  the  wiH  i^  n,  >t  iia-rpriaanu  -f.  hiu  ha-  a  \a/:-\'  close 
rchiti«  :i  ti  i  <Ie^irl'. 

/\t  t;ii>  |)('in[  \\a.;  si'c  *iiii'  >>{  TaC'Mii  --  ]H-ciihar  \ai\\^--.  wiiic!!  -hi  a\ -- 
h!>  c< 'iiccpti^  ai  of  the-  lin-itala  n  <*i  UK'  sciiiithic  !!a,ihi>h.  1  h-  !a  !h 
that  >u]aTsc!i>!])k'  thi!]i:>  cannot  ]y^^  tiaatv*!  -cu/nthicaih  .  At  (jciuAa 
he  hah  h/arruh  the  nu,  thiMiv  ,,f  exaci  sciincn.  and  hah  -ecu  the  Nann 
t'n(lca\'or  of  tlu;  sen, nationalists  to  a])|)l\'  these  met  ho.  h^  t(>  i»s\chic 
pheiionieiia.  hi  their  etYort>  to  make  a  >cience  of  tlu-  thmi;-  ^^i  th.i 
s|)irit.  comriionly  ->o-cahle(h  these  materiahsts  had  taken  a\va\  ah;  thie 
content  of  hfe,  and  had  tlitis  K-ft  a  dieep  clia.sm  hetween  science  an,«l 
life.  Hut  Jacohi  mainttiined  that  the  souh  which  is  a  free  >])irit, 
cannot  tluis  he  treated  scientiticahilx  .^  He  (hd  nejt  thanv  the  a]t])ro- 
priatcnes>  of  these  methods  to  physical  ])henoniena.  htu  hekl  thait 
anothicr  niethoHh  namely,  faith,  intuition,  and  not  di-moiivtratii  an 
must  he  ado])te(l  wluai  we  C'-me  to>  deal  wath  supt^rsensihle  fad-.  In 
this  wa\-  lie  could  accept  the  science  oif  the  . //'/7o'V:/-//;/y,  anhl  of  tlir 
Sensationalists,  while  he  likewise  accepted  the  philo-oplu'  (^f  faith 
or  of  feeling-.  This  i^'ave  him  a  donhle  workl-viewa  one  the  scien- 
tific, from  the  standpoint  of  which  he  was  a  skeptic;  the  other  the 
philosophical,  fre^m  the  standpoint  of  which  he  wa.s  a  strict  tlteist. 
These  diiterent  positions  he  maintained  at  one  tmd  the  same  tiiiK'. 
and  never  saw  their  reconciliation,  hut  stood  Janus-faced  l)etween 
the  two.-  He  never  cotild  reconcile  his  p»hilosf)|)hical  view  of  life 
with  liis  scientific  view  of  the  world,  though  he  somewhat  dogmat- 
ically maintained  tlie  supremacy  of  the  former.''  "  Life  and  science 
are  for  Jaco])i  heterogeneous  things.  In  the  "ue  lie  denies  what  in 
the  other  he  {)i),sits;  all  life  is  to  him  an  immediacw  all  tho.nght  a 
meduitiom  IJfi'  exists  of  itself,  hut  human  knowledigc;  i>  iliroULrli 
and  thrraigh  depeiaknt.""'  In  other  we.rds.  life  i<  a  ])rocess  of  im- 
mediac\a  and  this  fact  philo-^c.phx  mii.si  tcal<e  as  its  -taa-tinL:~o>>  qrit  ; 
while  soK'iice  <  >r  diefinite  kuowledige  d.epends  upon  dicna  in.stration, 
an<l  issiu;s  (ink;  in  ahstract  concepts. 

Instead  of  -eekmg  a  reconciliation  of  science  and  life  h\-  a  careful 
examination  <  •(  the  na-ih-.i  "i  science,  lu  accepted  the  -cieiiiihc 
method  as  \adid  wTeii  apjmed  n-  die  fact-  .h  nature,  aiak  acoa-<- 
ini^ha    accepted    the    n-iiiiiiiL:    \'ew    i^'^i    nature.      lau    he    cmh],] 


n>  ^t 


aCCelit    Its    la-sUits    ill    the 


Tela-  oi   \\]i:  -uperseii-ihie  ;  th"ii(_;-h  he 


no  oit)ii;ction   t'i  ufLt'e   ai-aiii-t   da    nieih.Mi   as 


ue 


a.U 


an  n  st 


I      i 


-  ZirnLarM.   -f.   cit...  p,    7. 
'*  Cf.  Kulin,  I'f.  t"''. ,  ['.  55. 
'  Zirngiel)!,   ''/\   cit.,   {>.   47. 


'f 


JACOBI-    >i    vXDPOINT   AXD    PROBLEAL 


Its  un^ali^fuc•.  ■ 
tiif     I  act-  of  ill, 


i  I 


aci. 

lie 


C'  aiciu-a  'U-    ( 

ri,  d.   h^  a\a.'\a  r 
a 


rcvca' 


i:s,_il 


t  r:  . 


IT  . 


I  i 


forced  to 


1  ..f 


aia 


iTu.a  Ja 


i  .s. 


..    ,0 

i  '    M         Oil. 


of  super-, n-:!.i,  lacis.  the  naTa.i  of  inunediacv.  Tlii^,  ua-  n.u  -a-^-- 
"'^^^  ''"^^'  ^''^''-  '^^  ^''  ^^^'''  i'  ill  c^aunaai  with  hhimanii,  IK-rder.  and 
others,  t;ioa^-]i  h,-  .]i<i  na  aa^  dian  any  otja  r  v.  .jaav  it-  true  meaii- 
''-'  ^''^;'  '"  ^'^"i^'^  '^  i^^te,  phil:-e,pky.  He  accordingly  came  ta.  re- 
^'■■^■^'  ^'^''  ^'■'^'  '  >cience  ■  for  tho^c  stiakes  to  ;vhich  he  c-ai^idered 
the   ixact   mathematical    metheul   df   the   Siaisationali-t 


an«i    Oi-^^-ma- 

tl^ts  a|)plicahle.  nanuly.  tlie  >tudy  of  nature  and  all  it>  fomi>:  while 
he  reserved  the  term  '  philosnphv  '  for  the  study  of  -|)iritual  thin-s. 
where  he  ceai>idered  the  metheal  ni  immediacy,  of  intuiti-ai.  ni  uihh, 
wa.s  ad(^ine  a])|)licahle. 

This  unfortunate  schism  in  hi<  view  ni  the  world   >hows  itself  in 
^^■''  ^^"'^h^-     '  ^''  ^^^^-  ''i^^'  ^y^^^^^l  it  left  him  with  the  criaa-  materiah-tic 
view  ot  nature,  as  an  ahsohitely  S])iritles-.  jiurelv  mechanical  sv^tem. 
^\  '^'^'^  i'^  ^'^■^'O'  ^vay  the  op].o.ite  of  >pint.^      Nature  was  the  re-ion 
''t  necessarv  and  regular  laws.  /.  a.,  of  <letermination  :  and  tlie  im-th- 
^'dojngy  (,f  science  was  therekM-e  mathematics.     The  great  achieve- 
'^ ■*;■'■-'    "^    Newton    and   other   mathematicians    had    made    scientists 
think  that  mathematics  was  the  key  to  all  knowled-e.      It  was.  there- 
fore, not  the  fault  of  Jacohi,  hut  one  of  the  limitations  of  his  age, 
that    he   cotild    not    conceive   of   any   other   scientific    method.     tIic 
hiological   sciences,    which    do   not    lise   matliematics.   had    not    sufiS- 
cieinly   develoj)ed.   and   it   was   only   with    their   develojiment   tliat    it 
waas  seen  that  the  mathematical  was  not  the  only  scientific  method. 
It  is  t.-  tlie  credit  of  Jacohi,  th.en,  that  he  could   work  liim.self  free 
ti-om  the  methods  in  which  he  had  keen  tiaiined  :  and  it  is  interestimr 
^['  ^^^'1  ^^i^'^  agreeing  with  F.  Schlegel.  that  it  was  to  he  kimented  that 
-'^^^'  ''^i^''^i  there  had  heen  many  attempts  to  degrade  idulo^ophv  to 
a  -cience.  after  the  manner  oi  mathematics  and  ])h\-sics.- 

<  Ml    the    .>ther    hand.    hi>    scln.m    hc-tween    life    and    science    Ivfr 
Jac'  'hi  wath  th.e  \a"ew  tla'it   tla 


1  - ; ,  ■ 


act-  (^r  hie  Wiadd  not:  ^uIvdw 


"I  scuntUic  treamneiii  at  aik -iliat  no  ]viaa\-l 


'  "<  IL'X' 


f       Oi, 


■  e  n  s  1  h  i  t,  •  1^' 

1 1 C 


':>■'  r    e 


I  a  a 


01 


-.  .u 

1     V,      I    i   ' 


1 


I  he  i.:-auu  d 

t  ;  X;  oF'a  noe 
rea -!  la  I  ] •.' 
.     ulach     he 


d  reth 


e  (,.  u  < 


•■:    •} 


w  iiicr 


:  i  i"  c 


;  e    cane 


lail!] 


leeiaa 


came 


1    the    I  a  I  i 


♦  a 


1 ' '  a  A  a  an  t    i\ia  a\  a/?  !t^e. 
Af: -a  d' ■,   an   at t eu'ot    o 

■   TTi-v. 


o  .j  ii  e  1  \  e  1 1,    L' )    >u ! )'  'i"!  1  ma  I  r 
1  h-  rv--<  o.  d  diat  tiaaa-  laal  heni 
>uh'a-d:nate   tla. 


1  a  ae«  .am. ■ 

\a,  r  -iiice 

naiiediaLe  tu  tlie  mediate, 

P'r  -^r^'^srJ'c  Spckidation  seit  Kant,  Bd.    IT,   y.   7 

A  X  \ :  1 . 


-)  f  I 


Till':    i'n  ii.  =  j^^;jI"L[V    OF    1-.    ii.    jACui;!. 


piTCcpti' *ii  to  n-ilcci:-!],  Uir  fru^inai  i(»  t!u-  c. 'in-,  tiir  i --ciicr  t.-  ihc 
W()r«i,  ilu'  reason  to  ihc  uiiiicr-ian.linL:' ;  b")  li*«l(!  nothing:  ]..v  ir':r 
uiiicli  cannot  he  proved.  an«l  to  rei^-ara  intuition  a^  "i  ]e^>  \-ahu'  ihan 
the  conce|:)t.  '  lie  thought  this  kind  oi  f)hiloso{)li\-  re^i^arde.l  notlmi:^^ 
as  true  which,  could  not  l)e  twice  >hown.  once  in  |)ercepiion.  wha  ri  i* 
was  ,<j:iven.  (Hrectly,  and  once  in  conception  wh.ere  it  was  t'.  *  he 
demonstrated.. 

To  refute,  then,  what  he  called  the  '  philosofdtv  of  reflection' 
was  one  side  of  JacohiV  aim  an<i  endeavor.  This  nei^ative  a>pect 
lias  heen  thou,c:ht  hy  many  to  l)e  his  chief  service  to  philosophv. 
Kuno  Fischer  sa>s  Jacohi's  sj^reatest  streni^th  com.es  oiu  in  the 
neg'ative.  and  that  his  standpoint  a|)|)ears  hest  in  0])[)ositio)n  and 
denial;  the  more  a  view  was  opposite  to  his  own  the  more  marked 
was  his  sharpness  and  shrewdness.-  Tacol)i's  nei^ative  ])osition  with 
reference  to  tlie  |)revious  pliilosophv  is  cimsidered  his  merit  l)v 
Piinjer  also.,  v/ho  says  that  opinion  will  prohahlv  lor.i^-  ditYer  as  tt) 
the  vahie  of  his  ])ositive  etTort  to  foiui<l  a  sf)ecial  phihxsophv  of  lUliel 
or  I-eeling-.-'^  This  is  in  the  main  true,  for  jacohi  did  much  to  show 
the  insutticiency  of  the  analytical  method  which  had  so  loni,'-  prevailed 
in  |)hilosophy,  and  wliich  he  calls  the  '  |)hilosoph}-  of  retlection  '  ; 
thouLjh  he  did  nrtt  see  ver>-  clearly  the  meanint,^  of  the  svtuhetic 
method,  which  was  the  method  he  v/as  endeavorini,^  to  fornuihue. 
But  it  is  only  fair  to  him  to  state  that  he  at  least  showed  what  a  true 
synthetic  method  nuist  he,  tlioug-Ji  he  never  could  succeed  in  settinu' 
it  forth  satisfactorily,  even  to  himself. 

Philosoph}-,  as  he  coniceived  it,  had  f)roceeded  hy  denn  »nstrati<  .n 
in  the  sphere  of  the  imderstandin,ir.  an<l  as  such  could  not  tou.ch  at 
all  the  facts  of  reason  (or  faith).*  With  Descartes  tins  fal>e  method 
had  entered  philoso])hy,  and  ever  since  his  time  practicalh'  all 
philosoph.y  had  ,i^one  on  the  same  line,  holding-  nothing  for  true 
which  could  not  he  j)roved,  or  demonstrated  hy  the  imderstanding. 
This  |)roceeded  on  the  assumption  that  all  knowledge  is  mediated 
by  ideas, '^  and  ignored  the  concrete  experiences  of  a  conscious  human 
being."  It  made  ideas  de|)end  onl_\-  u])on  ideas,  and  so  on  t/(/ 
uifimtu!)!.  lint  jacohi'>  contention  \va->  that  idu'a>  coiru-  iv^ni^  ex- 
pcrience>,  directh-  and  imnuMhatelw''  In  other  wor<N.  hi: 
was  that  the  earlier  philsj^oplu  had  been  eiiiireh.  do::;'i-ti\r 
=  n.  p.   ir. 

rinlosophie.  Bd.  \'.  p    -tS. 


'  '!)|vCtl<  'U 


WltU 


2    ' 


K  r  I  SC  tllC  tl  '  C    d  t  'i'    Hi"' t,"' '  t'i' 


r 


nnu- 


*  I\".  a. 
^  Kuhii.  r^p. 
"  \\\   a.   pp. 

'  Ibui. 


I 


XXOPOIXT   AND    PROBLEM. 


27 


»i' '   (''oiuncal    ejfiuent.    \\hrri-a--   a    true   ] '!u)i  ■>•  uth\'    rau^i    he    m    C'.n- 
^taiu    t'aich    wuii   experience.      Deductiitn    would.    m^roAxr.    uivolve 


il:  1 


enoiess   seru>   without  e\"er   LX-ttin; 


actual   experience,  and   woidd   tlu/refesre 


a   lunfiamentai   isruicuue,   *  ^r 

\ield  O'lih-  an   unctuidili' au^d 

uiuch  i>  tree  irom  material. — empty,  and  complete!}-  mdeternunatex 

1  his   ver\-   di^cerning  crniciMU    seem^   to  he  an   anticipation   .  .n    tlie 

ptart  of  Jac<*hi  ( vf  Hegel's  \ucxv  i>i  tlieaight  as  givmg  a  concrete,  and 

ncit  an  al}^tract  luiiversal. 

j:ice)])i  accepte<l  the  current  divi>i(:m  of  the  thinking  facult\-  into 
understanding  and  reason,  btU  differed  fronn  the  current  view  as  t^  > 
what  were  their  respective  s|)heres.     To  him,  the  imderstanding  was 
a  facidty  eu'  mediation,  a  mere  faculty  of  concepts,  judgments,  and 
conclusions,   which  can  reveal  absolutelv  nothing  out  of  itself.-      It 
simply  gets   conce|)ts   of  conce|)ts   from   concepts,   and   so  gradualh' 
attains    t<)    i<leas,    though    it    does   not   touch    realitv.'^      It    i^    a    fac- 
tilt_\-  fif  redecti'Mi  on  sense  inanitions,  a  faculty  wliich  se|)arate>  au^i 
reunite-  conce])ts,  judgmeiUs,  and  conclusions.*  and  is  thus  a  facUit\- 
of    abstractions.'      Wdth     Kant,    Jacohi     regarded    the    under>tanii- 
ing  as  in  no  wa\-  dealing  with  reality  directly.  l)ut  depending  u])on 
sensiljility  which  ftuau'slKS  the  material  of  thought.     lUit  he  differed 
frrini   Ixarit  in  holding  tliat  reason  too    (or  faith)    furnishes  an  intu- 
ition of  the  true  and  the  real.     Jacohi  thouglit  that,  while  sensihilit\- 
furnishes    the    material    i^i   oiu"    knowledge    of    sensible   objects,    the 
reason   (  <  >r  lauh  )   furnishes  just  as  directly  our  knowledge  of  su|)er- 
seusihle  objects.     Kant's  iiitcilcctucHc  .hischauioi^:^  bears  some  rela- 
tion  to  Jacol)i's  doctrine  on   this  point,  though  it  dift'ers  great! v  in 
that   Kant  conceives  this  rather  as  an  ideal  of  knowledge,  in  which, 
the  ititellectual  element  is  fried  from  tmd  docs  not  de]HMid  upon  th.e 
sensible,   and   as  such   is   f)ossible  only   in   the  divine   consciousr]es-. 
and  cat!  at  best  be  merely  a|)proximated  by  the  human  consciousriess. 
Jacol)i,  on  the  other  hand,  conceived  his  '  rational  intuition  "  as  the 
factdty  of  snpersensil)le  knowledge,  or  of  the  knowledge  of  .su.i)er- 
sensible  objects.      Reason  was  to  him  quite  as  nuich  a  facultv  cu'  mtu.- 
iti-n  as  was  sense.      Indeed,  thus  is  the  main  contention  of  Iris  entire 
p  h  1 1  (  01 '  I  >  h  \ . 

'  '         ■  '        '  '  ■   '     lac-bi 


n    i-   luipMrtant    t^-  iiMticc,  at   this  point,   the  chauL;' 


e    vdux^ 


'XPle    ui    hi 


l'S(.'        I 


tue  teipus   '  understandini/ '  and    'rea-'au 


1 , 


orxuiar\   u-e  oi  tlieM.-  \\. 'rx-  wa-  that 


t!x 


'Tr   practuxi 


i  lie 
t  '  «^.'  a//x    t  xuxei  saiuxuiL:  )   is 
Ci   wiucii    seer.>   detuute   auU    rvstncicd   r^- 


u-x/x/px   (  unxer 


5  I  ;  :  1 1  I  r 


^  Puiijcr,  op.  cit.,  p.  633. 

^  II,    pp.     lO-I  T 

'  Ibid.,  p.   32. 
*Ibid.    p    r.z. 


Ibid.,  p. 


/'^ 


pp.  r,:   nnd  93. 


I! 


I! 


2S 


TIIR    PFIILOSOPIIV    01<    I'.    ]I.    JACOBI. 


suits  and  knowledges;  while  rcnimift  (reason)  is  a  deeper  and 
hi.crhcr  power  which  aims  at  completeness."^  Understandinir,  then, 
was  the  i^renera]  faculty  of  co,i;nition,  while  reason  was  a  hii;her 
power  which  sees  the  connections  of  thini^s.  As  a.i^ainst  both  of 
these  forms  of  knowIe(l,G:e,  Jacohi,  in  his  earlier  wrilin.qs,  insisted 
on  the  superior  authority  of  feelin--  or  faith.  In  his  later  writint^s, 
however,  he  broadened  his  use  of  the  term  '  reason  '  to  include  what 
Kant  had  meant  by  both  reason  and  faith,  especially  reason  in  its 
practical  use.     Thus  '*  what  he  had  first  called  Glaitbc  he  latterly 

called  Frn///;//7,— which  is  in  brief  a  '  sense  for  the  supersensible,' 

an  intuition  i^ivin.i^:  hi,i;her  and  complete  or  total  knowled.qe— an 
immediate  apprehension  of  the  real  and  the  true.  As  contrasted 
with  this  reasonable  faith  or  feelinor,  he  regards  Vcvstand  as  a  mere 
laculty  of  inference  or  derivative  knowledge,  referring  one  thing 
to  anotlier  by  the  rule  of  ideutitv.'"- 

Jacobi  is  thus  seen  to  make  a  distinction  between  understanding 
and  reason  (faith)  which  makes  the  two  irreconcilable.  Understand- 
ing deals  v.-ith  matters  which  come  under  what  we  call  science.  It 
<leals  with  concej)ts  and  ideas  which  are  derived  from  objects  of 
sense  perception.  As  such,  it  is  always  mediate,  and  can  never  reach 
objects  (or  the  true)  directly,  but  can  deal  with  truth  only  at  second 
h.and,  or  by  demonstration.  Reason  (faith),  on  the  other  hand, 
which  is  the  organ  of  philosophy,  reaches  out  to  objects,  to  realitv, 
to  \\\Q  true,  in  a  manner  similar  to  sensibility  itself,  only  that  it 
reaches  a  different  kind  of  objects,  viz.,  supersensible  objects. 

The  understanding,  therefore,  will  not  be  able  io  assm  the  ex- 
i>lence  of  any  real  things,  but  will  oiien  be  led  to  denv  them  alto- 
-x-ther,  especially  the  supersensible  oljjects  of  reason.  Kant  had 
shown  that  the  understanding,  in  attempting  to  deal  with  uncon- 
ditioned objects,  falls  into  antinomies,  and  Jaeobi  maintained  that  it 
IS  LVLU  led  to  deny  the  existence  oi  these  objects  altogether,  simply 
l^.cause  it  has  no  means  of  reaching  them.  They  belong  to  a  totallv 
(lilTerent  sphere  of  intellectual  activity.  I  hit  what  the  understanding 
denies  the  reason  afhrms,  and  neither  one  can  di.si)rove  the  other, 
tht>ugb  each   is  suj)reme  in   its  own  sphere. 

Jaeobi  thus  held  to  a  f.*rm  of  the  twofold  truth,— Scie-nce  on  the 
one  hand,  and  Faith    (Reason)   on  the  other.     He  is  here  seen  to 
be   ami-rationalistic,    for   he   makes   a   conipUte   ojipo^iiinn    between^ 
iTeling     (reason)     an<l    thought     (understanding),'    and    gives    the 

■'  Wallace.  The  Lo^^ic  of  Ilcficl.  p.  400. 

-IhuL.  ]K  401.     Cf.  also  Kuhn,  of^.  cif..  pp.   156  tT,  an<l   Piinjer,  or.  cif..  p.  622. 

MVimlclhand,   Ccscliichtc  dcr   uc\:crcn   rh:!osof>!nc.    T..!..    II,   j.p.   .i.vS-33'j. 


^ 

J 


J.ACOP.PS    .STA.\l)i'(jiXT    AM;    Pj^OHLMM. 


il 


i 

J 


i 


li 


,1 


-'J 

Superiority  to  the  f„n„cr.  Jt  is  to  be  notcl.  however,  tlial  ,K.  ,  x- 
trcme  form  of  llio  opposition  wns  no  ncccssarv  |.art  of  ]:\o:]n<  ,\  .,-- 
trnie,  but  came  ab.uit  as  a  result  of  tlie  oiiesi.le.jness  "of  the  l„}- 
khmni-,  and  from  the  rationalism  which  was  the  "  .irivin-wb  vl 
of  the  Anfkliirnn-"'  it  may  he  well  f,  recall  that  this  e.-nntVr 
tendency  to  rationalism  had  been  in  the  air  for  some  lime,  .and  ,b,-,t 
It  took  shape  not  only  in  the  Gcfukhphilosothw.  bnt  also  n,  the 
Komanttc  movement,  as  well  as  in  everv  form  of  activitv.  .>^o  that 
the  opposition  between  science  and  faith  posile<l  bv  Jacoi.i  i.  clo^elv 
connected   with   the   ^reat   movement  ..n   behalf  of    feelin-    which 

since  Ronsseau,  had  governcl  the  a,i;e lie  lou',dit  for  thr  riijhts 

of  immediacy,  of  reality,  and  of  in.livi.lualitv,  and'in  so  ,k,in.r  cm,, 
tributed  important  corrections  to  the  direction  which  philosophv  was 
on  the  point  of  takin-  and  akn,.^^  which  he  himself  woul.l  fain'  have 
enticed  her."^ 

Rut  in  statins  Uie  matter  in  this  way.  Jacbi  created  that  contra- 
diction from  which  he  delivered  himself  onlv  bv  his  salto  mnrt.,K' 
Findin-  himself  sluit  np  within  the  region  of  the  condition,-.!    of  the 
im.ierstandmg.  the  only  way  he  cn„ld  see  t..  o,i  out  was  bv  a  Kao 
for  life  mto  the  region  of  faith  l,eyond.     (  )nce  there,  he  was'  equan'v 
imable  to  return.     That  is  to  say.  the  conditioned  and  the  uncon'- 
ditioncd  were  two  .listinct  and  separate  spheres,  which  had  nr.thin- 
to  (lo  with  each  other,     lie  c.nM  not  c<mceive  the  nncon,liiiop,d  a'^s 
being  the  prmcii.le  of  knowledge  and  will  in  the  condition.,!    but  the 
two  were  hopelessly  and  forever  ontsi.le  each  other.     C.nise,|nen.lv 
ns      faith  an.l  his  kiu.wle.lge  constitnte.l  tw.,  .listinct  pbik,..,phies  • 
hence  it  was  no  won.ler  that  he  complaine.l  that  his  hea.l  an.l  his 
heart  were  at  variance.-^    This  constitutes  one  of  the  fun.lament.al 
weaknes.scs  of  his  system,  an.l  leaves  him  not  with  one  philosophv 
but  with  two.     An.l  ..„  c..ntra.lict.;ry  are  the  two  that  thev  can  bj 
held  together  only  by  force. 

We  may  .sec,  accordingly,  his  view  ,,f  what  c,in,stitntes  the  sphere 
and  the  problem  of  philosophy.  J  le  di,l  not  un.lerstan.l  philosophv 
to  be  a  science  in  the  usual  meaning  of  that  w.,r,l,  which  is  m,,liat'e 
knowledge  through  conce,,tions.  On  the  contrarv,  ,,hilosophv  is  an 
.mmediate  knowle.lge  of  the  supersensible.*  Science  deals  onlv  with 
the  sensible  and  the  con-liliond,  ami  its  instrument  is  the  un.kr- 
standmg.  Accor.lingly,  if  we  ,->re  to  have  am  knowledge  of  the 
supersensible  at  all,  there  must   be  a  faculty  which  is  higlKr  than 

*  ZirnRiel)!,  op.  cif.,  p.  2. 

'  iiofTdinp.  History  of  Modem  Philosorhy,  Vol.   II.  p.    ,^0. 

*  Ibid.,  i>.    121. 

*  Cf.  Kuhn,  op.  cif.,  \).  63. 


^o 


Tiir.  niii.osopiiv  oi*  i*.  ii.  jacoiu. 


un(lcrstandi^l,^^  This  faculty  is  reason  or  faith,  aiul  it  operates  in 
a  positive  or  mystical  way.-  And  just  as  sense  intuition  docs  not 
depend  upon  demonstration,  hut  refers  directly  to  ohjects  themselves, 
so  this  hii^her  faculty  of  reason  or  faith  reveals  the  objects  of  reason 
imnudiately."'  (It  mii::ht  viry  well  he  called  rational  intuition.)  The 
spluTc  of  this  faculty  is  the  sphere  of  philosophy,  which  is  therefore 
seen  to  consist  in  the  settinj^  forth  of  the  ohjects  of  reason  or  faith, 
as  these  are  revealed  immediately  to  knowledge.  Man,  then,  and  his 
experiences  of  the  supersensible,  rather  than  his  experiences  of 
nature,  constitute  the  sphere  and  problem  of  '  philosophy.'  Philoso- 
phy cannot  bci;in  with  nature,  for  then  it  could  never  f^a-t  into  the 
unconditioned  at  all.  It  must  begin  immediately  with  the  uncon- 
ditioned, what  Jacobi  called  the  original  revelation  to  the  soul,  which 
is  more  than  all  nature  put  together."^  And  the  function  of  i)hilosophy 
is  therefore  "  to  exhibit  in  the  most  conscientious  way  humanity  as 
it  is,  be  it  explicable  or  inex[)licable.''^  This  involves  two  things : 
First,  philosoph}'  deals  with  man,  not  nature.  Nature  is  the  field 
of  science  ;  and  Jacobi  had  but  little  regard  for  a  science  of  nature 
as  such,  h^or,  to  him,  nature  seemed  to  conceal  God,  as  it  revealed 
only  a  chain  of  efficient  causes,  or  a  mechanism,  in  which  there  was 
no  place  for  things  peculiarly  divine,  such  as  virtue  and  immortality. 
Secondly,  the  function  of  philosophy  is  to  reveal  existence,  not  to 
demonstrate  it.  "  The  greatest  merit  of  encpiiry  is  to  unveil  and  to 
reveal  existence.  Defmiticjn  is  its  means — the  way  to  its  goal — its 
proximate,  not  its  ultimate  end.  Its  ultimate  end  is  that  which  can- 
not be  defnied,  the  insoluble,  the  immediate,  the  simple."" 

The  pro[)er  notions  of  philosophy  are,  therefore,  no  iucrc  ideas, 
which  rest  upon  mediation,  but  immediate  convictions,  subjectively 
and  objectively  certain  truths."  Jacobi  considered  that  concepts 
could  not  help  where  there  was  neither  outer  nor  inner  object  m- 
tuital)le  through  impression  or  feeling,  h^very  demonstration  which 
docs  not  proceed  on  this  assum])ti()n,  every  explanation  which  does 
not  give  .an  intuitable  object,  is,  like  mathematical  points  and  lines, 
only  a  cobweb  of  the  brain.''  Not  nature,  then,  but  the  invisible,  the 
mysterious,  the  divine,  was  what  he  regarded  as  the  field  of  philoso- 
phy.'-*     And  these  objects,  he  held,  are  the  objects  of  philosophy  only 

^  II,    p.    22. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  23. 

^Ibid.,  p.  59. 

*  I\^  a,  p.  xli. 

'  Pi'mjcr,  op.  cit.,  p.  622,. 

Ubid. 

'  Kuhn,  op.  cit.,  p.  61.     Cf.  also  p.  25. 

8  Ibid.,  p.   122. 


JACOIU'.S    .STANDPOINT    AND    I'R()I:LI:m 


31 


i 


I 


in  so  far  as  they  are  able  to  present  themselves  in  intuition  ;  for  what 
is  actual  can  be  intuited.'  Jacobi's  interest  in  philosophy  was  tliere- 
fore  with  those  objects  oi  our  thought  and  higher  life  which  are 
comprehended  under  the  terms  God,  Freedom,  and  Immortalitv.^ 
These  and  the  relations  in  which  they  subsist,  and  in  which  they 
become  known  to  men,  are  the  objects  of  philosoi)hical  iutjuiry. 
These  alone  are  matters  of  universal  human  interest;  all  other  ob- 
jects are  of  merely  special  and  temporary  interest. 

After  carefully  examining  the  standpoints  of  the  various  types  oi 
philosophy,  Jacobi  remained  unsatisfied.  He  had  no  ambition  to 
construct  a  system,  and  was  driven  to  an  independent  fornnilation 
of  his  views  only  by  the  necessity  of  fnuling  a  resting-place  for  his 
thought;  and,  more  particularly,  by  his  desire  to  establish  theism 
and  religion,  which  contained  for  him  the  whole  significance  of  life. 
But  this  was  not  until  he  had  failed  to  find  contentment  either  in 
Sensationalism,  in  ] dogmatism,  or  in  Criticism.  His  reading  of 
Spinoza,  Leibniz,  and  Wolff  had  convinced  him  that  in  this  type  of 
philosoi)hy  his  purpose  of  finding  a  place  for  the  supersensible,  or 
for  spiritual  objects,  for  religion  and  freedom,  could  not  be  realized. 
Nor  did  he  have  any  better  hopes  for  the  Critical  Philosophy,  which 
ended  in  the  complete  idealism  of  Fichte.  And  his  readin^^  of 
Hume  and  the  Geneva  school  showed  him  plainly  that  no  i)lace  could 
be  found  for  these  in  Fmpiricism. 

While  these  various  schools  were  deductive  or  inductive  as  the 
case    might    be,    their   common    characteristic    was    their    analvtical 
method, — they  started  with  conceptions  which   were  obtained  either 
a  priori  or  a  posteriori,  and  their  movemeiU   was  constantlv  within 
the   circle   in    which   they   began.     They   never   got   beyond.     Kant 
alone   had   a   synthetic   method,   but   as   Jacobi   did   not   thoroughly 
understand  Kant's  meaning,  he  missed  the  very  thing  for  which  he 
was  looking.     What  he  wanted  was  some  method  by  which  he  miHit 
get  out  of  the  eternal  hobby-horse  movement  that  kept   forever  in 
the   place   where    it    began.     Descartes   had    started    the    method   of 
demonstration   from  purely  a  priori  conceptions,  and    it   had  ended 
in  the  Dialectic  of  Kant.     Locke  had  begun  purely  ei)istemological 
studies,  starting  from  subjective  sensations,  and  this  movement  had 
ended  in  the  Scepticism  of  Hume.     And  it  was  Jacobi's  contention 
that    Kant   had   not   completely  answered    Hume,   but   was   himself 
equally  subjective,  and  had   found  no  certainty  exce[)t  in   the  ideas 
of  the  individual  consciousness.     The  whole  question,  then,  of  the 

*  Kuhn,  op.  cit.,  p.   128. 
2  III.  p.  68. 


32 


THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF    F.    H.    JACOBI. 


objective  validity  of  our  sensations  and  of  our  ideas  still  stood  await- 
ing an  answer. 

Dogmatism,  Empiricism,  and  Criticism  had  all  raised,  but  had 
M  :  -ettled,  the  question  as  to  the  objective  validity  of  our  percep- 
ts ::-  a;  !  «  icially  of  our  mu  iiia]  perceptions.  The  niic^^tion, 
tnm,  windi  r-  i:n  iit(<1  Jacnl>i  was  tiiat  of  the  objective  validity  of 
our  pr-cvp-i-n^  an-i  .-ir  rxperiences.  The  Scottisli  :--;!!-. ol  had  the 
^aiiu;  prMUnii.  ain:  an-\\(:-.-i  i:  i:;  a  somewhat  siiailar  \\;a..  The 
aiii.Ku,i'  ;;•-  <n    !,u,'Mii  aiiu  ixi-a.:  !ia\'i-  -au^a   a!,=. 


!!.     !  !  'i  ^ 


aaa  '1)1,  ii<j  \v- 


K ; ' 


t'\a/r.    w 


alti/n;]ain^r   fn   :in^,\-ci-    i; 


r    a  1  a.  -^  1  a  i  j    1 1 1 


1 .  i 


K, ..]. 


>ii a ]ralu  <_■    ana    •  •!) U'Ci a^  i 


iiv  w  rLrii-ac>>   naaa;    inlta'i;--i('<!    ni    thi 


'  a i;    It ■-■    a'^PrCt^ 
la,"'  a  a  a  a  1  - ,    was 

a-  waa"    *."!  a?:-aar. ! 

in  niaintaiiiini^  that  ua,,-  kia^w  .'hirctv  inniicaaitt,  K  .  waili-ait  tlii-  iin;.! 
laf  any  (Icnioiistratiuii.  lie  dilYaiaMl,  liMwavar,  in  a  niarkt.l  niaiiikr 
from  tlu'  Scctti>h  Sc1i<h.1.  Rrid  liau  lu'd  tliat  .an-  knMX\  Kd^'v  i.  in 
tlu;  hrst  instance  of  iiUai-.  hnt  lia<l  lua'l  iliat  tair  alva-  arr  i«ioa>  <  f 
t'bjcct-.  lacola,  dii  the  nthtr  liaiah  nainitauu-il  that  -an"  la-f  iwK  •.'.,'-■ 
is  initncdiatt  !v  of  ()])iect>,  an<!  that  our  alui>  arc  at  (aua-  (iir  paiaaiJ- 
tion>.  lie  would  not  cehnit  that  <  an"  knnwU-.l^a'  wa>  cf  u\v:i>,  hut 
that  it  wa>  of  o])ject'>.  ilencta  he  tluuii^ht.  ohjoet-  wcia-  inancth- 
atoly  o;ivcai  in  the  wry  iir>t  act  of  knowitol-aa  Hi-  xiowa-  <  >\\  tiii> 
sulyject  constitute  his  doctrine  of  inline* hac\a  In  regard  ti>  >en-e 
])erce])tions,  his  doctrine  wa>  a  form  of  Reah.-rn  i^aaehiahv  develi'j)- 
iuL,'-  toward  Idealk-ni  ;  while  his  an.>wer  wuli  rei^aar*]  to  onr  internal 
percefitaais,  or  of  <nper>en-il>le  ohjtct-,  e«ai-titnte-  In-  view  ^i  The- 
r-ni  anal  Reliiiion. 


f 


i 


CHAPTER    III. 

THE    DOCTRINE    OF    IMMEDIACY. 


Jacobiks  main  prnblem. 
manner   ]r:    >\aaaii    wa^   i  .k 


he  II '/Ve! 


u  a,a  r 


I  Hen,  wai-  a>  ti!>co\ir  ilu  i-u.  *!a'^d  and  the 
"''  f'- i=  ■  ><.  o/f  .L^t'  tn  <  ^1  (ji/eia.\a-  '-x:-Ua:ce;  tor 
■  <  ■h_:ecia\a.-  rxa-:era:e,  a,!ai  trait  wa.-  nave 
''  ^''^"^'^ -^  ^-^'^  ^''  ■'.  Kana.  Manni-  iv'^vn  the  -ana;  arriainia  ^a 
^■■'■'■^'^■^'■'^-^-  '''^^•'''  ^'  kial  niii  wliat  uiu-i  \k-  tlie  coaanticn-  m  tia;  Man 
jrct  which  naike  a  kn^wledi^v  of  tlie  (.kiject  |>e>s-il)h;.  lac^hi.  ,  a-;  ih- 
etlaa-  hand,  wa-  n^i  interested  in  ana1>-zini^  the  nieta]aivsical  c.  nki- 
taai-  ;.r  knowledi^v,  as  the<e  are  to  he  fecund  in  either  the  Mihirct 
cr  tile  (^])iect.  ])nt  in  the  pnrelv  ei)i>teniok)irical  i^rolilem  of  how  "tn^. 
.-^iil  " 


»iect  i>  reaiteu  h'.  the  o])ieCt  in  the  concrete  process  of  km-nviek: 


e. 


As  We  laiw  already  seen,  he  had  discarded  denionstratioiK  or  nieuia- 
ta~n  h\-  idea-,  as  the  method  of  reaching-  the  truth,  because,  at  be-t. 
thi-  a-  a  nivthod  at  second  haial.  blcas  are  to  liim  a^e-tract  uni- 
versals.  and  as  such  do  not  put  one  in  contact  with  the  true  realitv. 
1  hey  o-ive  only  the  truth,  which  is  but  a  retlection  of  the  true,  and  'is 
nnt  the  true  itself.  The  true  is  the  only  concrete.  He  savs  :  "  Con- 
sciousness and  life  are  one."^  And  this  seems  to  mean  that  ba^th 
hte  and  knowled-e  (consciousness)  Iiave  to  do  at  once  witli  the 
Concrete.     All  knowled^^e  is  a  knowled^ire  of  reality,  of  actualitv. 

In   other   word-,   Jacol)!    was   a   pure   emp)irici.-t   in   tlte   matter   of 

knowledcre.      lie  was,  indeed,  a  much  stricter  empiricist  than  Locke 

or    Hume,    for    while    the}'    l)oth    held    that    knowledi.re    is    onlv    of 

ideas,  Jaci'bi  said  that  knowledi^e  is  directly  of  objects.     As  Ro\-ce 

remark-,  tlie  mvstic  i-  the  only  complete  em|Mricist.     Jaco|)i.  nKaa- 

o\aT,  extruded  the  bound-  of  direct  empirical  kiiowledo-e  much  iuv^- 

tlur  than  Ia>cke  .^r  Hume  had  ever  thoni^ht  of  doini:.      H],-e  thna<- 

cr-  had  limited  it  to  the  data  of  sen-atmn  and  retlection:  and  Hume 

bad   l:^.ne  -'.  tar  a-  ta*  make  every  idea  de])end  U])on  an   inipre->ion 

en   tile   M/n-i-.   while   Locke  had   made    Reflection   of  little  avail   bv 

^•■'■''^•^'k:"  -  ^"  ^be  idea-  "  the  mint!  irets  b\   rellectino-  (,n  it-  own  i-pir- 

aiaai-    wathin    it-ehk''      jac<'hi    has!    no    dis|)ositi(ai    t<t   (iue-tiaai    tin- 

i:^'^^('r:i]  -tandpnint,  but  he  ivierely  extended  the  held  od  iWvvct  ohMf- 

vation  -o  a-  a.  include  in  "  Rcdi;ctif>n  "  the  oLjects  of  internal  a-  wLl 

a<  ixtrrnai   intniiion.      Hy  iji;.  p^,   naoint  n^  a   tiie  i.qieration:.  of  the 


I 


1  ir  ■ 


A'CkC,     I.SS,.1\    <->l 


tl  iimJ).     L  K.ltSrS'.lK 


i  -■  t'.. .    1 


cia  !, 


.""-i 


THE   PHILOSOPi 


OF   F. 


1 


'  i  r  ii  1 1 ;'  1 1 


'I  u  ■  \  ■ 


\  I 


\\  a 


OBI. 


cedoni.   aiif]   Tni- 


>li  ]]\    til  a' 


1  III-,    nvall.   1-    ! 

rdau-  <  iiiFM h'cs  (Iiia-ciK 
fac'.'lii.    but    it    i>    at    thi 


tl- 


,  1 


rrah!  \  . 


!h,-  '  Hi",    wa. 


W  1 


<iu'.v   tinif    anntlur    --<>rt 


>uch    a-   ilu'   rxi^uncv   aia:   ju/r-' -rial!!  \    -a    ( 
I  ]  a  r  L  a  1  u  \ . 

in  w'la 

'If  M  !u  r   waa.  .    -a\'S 
't    laaaix     liia;    is 

rcaclu'.j.     Hie  tir-t  wa>-.  tlu-  \\:\\   i^i  ^v\\-i\  i\aatr>  ii-  < 'u\\    {<  >  naiio- 
rial   objects.      'I  bio  ntlier  \va_\a  ibe   wan'  <tf  faitb.   rclati  ^   ii-   \>>  siiiui- 
sen>il)]i'  and  iinmati'rial  nbjccts.      'bo  tbi-  view  Jac«>bi   wa-  lad,  a.fter 
rcacbii^,^    IhiiiKa   and    \va>   <ul)M'quentl\'   C('nfirnK-<|    in    it    b\'    laaubn^i^ 
Kant.     And  it  was  bis  raadhn^  (,f   Kant   tluit  caiisvd   tlie  cbani^a-  n\ 
bis  tcrminoloi:^}-.     At  fir>t  be  tised  tbe  wotaK  •  feeb.n.i,^  '  and  '  faitb  ': 
the  one  siij^nifyin^q-  tbe  faculty  ii.secb  tlie  otber  tbe  assurance  we  bad 
of  the  actuabtx-  of  the-  object,  tboui^di  hv  at  times  cnnfu-ed  tbe  tw). 
]>ut  later  be  canie  to  use  tbe  word  "  reason  '  for  jx.tb  the  laciilt\   and 
tbe  assurance.      It  is,  bowever.  to  be  noted  tliat  Jacn])i.  tbou^b  l)or- 
rowini^  tbe  terms  of  otber  writers,  did  n<it  always  em]>lov   tb.em.   in 
tbe    orio^inal    sense.     None    of    tbe    i)bilosoi)bers    mentioned    abaive 
thoui^ht  of  any  way  in  wbicb  sti})ersensil)le  objects  could  be  directlv 
known.      Knowledi^e  of  such  objects  was  to  them  at  best  onl\-  me- 
diate.    Locke  said  that  we  know  (iod  by  demonstration;  blume  dis- 
avowed such  knowled.i^^e  alto.i^ether ;  while  Kant  ,<^r)t  it  onlv  bv  tbe 
round-about  way  of  the  practical  reason.     ]>ut  in  spite  of  this  scepti- 
cism, Jacobi  was  never  led  to  doubt  the  reality  of  such  objects,  or  tbe 
possibility  of  our  knowin.e^  them  immediately.     He  was  led  onlv  to 
doubt  all   preceding  methods   of  knowled.i^^e,  and   was  thrown   back 
upon  himself  to  find  some  new  method  which  should  be  adequate  to 
the  task. 

Empiricism  had  taught  him  to  think  that  perception  was  the  only 
method  of  knowledge  which  gave  the  true,  and  thereby  the  truth. 
He  accordingly  said  that  there  must  then  be  a  percei)tion  of  the 
supersensible,  after  the  manner  of  the  perception  of  the  sensible. 
which  alone  the  empiricists  recognized.  In  taking  the  |)osition  that 
all  knowledge  is  positive,  and  rests  u|)on  percepticm,'  [acol)i  thought 
he  was  merely  following  out  consistently  and  to  its  ])roper  limit  the 
fundamental  position  upon  which  practically  all  philosopbv  is  built. 
Even  Descartes  and  Spinoza,  though  rationalists  and  demonstrative 
philosophers,  started  with  immediate  inttiitions.  Tbe  '  I  think  '  of 
Descartes  was  an  immediate  intuition,  and  from  this  be  made  his 
departure,   though    be   henceforth   proceeded   by   mediation.-     Simi- 

^  Cf.   Kuhn,  Jacob!   k.   J.   PIi:!i>s.  s.   Zcit.   p.    160. 
-  Ibid.,   pp.   68-7 -. 


THE    DOCTRLXE    OF    IMMEDIA* 


^^ 


a ' "  I  ' 


A   :   t.  '  1  i  > 


i     i' 


systr!;:    na,-' aairl \a 

lllr    p!  K'-\\]  t|i.  iMii'  'n    ■ 

'■--ar\  lor  Spnio/a  ...  ,..•.> 
na_M];  ih;  ni!nu]<  ai  '  1  tiaaik." 
Co,]  ;  aral   I'r?  .m  iJU'  intniti<  a 


1  ni-   an  an  a  1 
I   iba   idtailii  \ 
in   t  a-drr  liiai 


a; 


a  na:]i 


t  :' 


'•  '^.   "'■^        '   ■  i        i.  1  j  '     V 

li^nt 

developed 

n  ]  s 

-  ^    t  a , ,    ' . .  _  ^ ; , 

^   of 

a   kn 
lie   n 


'  \v .  I 


K-HiL:.    wat: 


(  r,  .f 


L'l   nnia 


w 


n '  ■ 


-- «..  a  i  u 

1     (    io,|. 


'\aa!  ^]u,(  1  ilu; 


■]>na'za  oe\aao|,c(i  nu 


a  i !  ■  ' L  -a  . 
1 


1  ii  n  II. 


*n  iha  world  of  being  and  of  knowledoe.' 

1  Ins.    ilirn.   is   the   inetbo.l    which   Jac. '])i    ad<q)ted,   and    wbicb    be 
en<Ka\-ored  to  carr\-  tlirongb  t'>  the  end   without  aliandonmir  it   f<)r 
mediation    as   >oon   as   be   got    miiler   wa\-,   as   the   others   liad   done. 
Ibiis  be  called  has  method  i)i   faith  air  of  immediate  intuition;  and 
in  tbe  lorm  in  which  we  have  outlined  it.  it  is  tbe  onlv  forni  Vvdiicb 
Jaco1)i  recognized  in  bis  earlier  writings. — tbe  period  of  AJJzv'iU  and 
II  i>idcniar.      Some  of  tlie  (ierman  writers  on   bac(d)i  seen]  to  regard 
this  as  tbe  only  trtie  ])bi]os,ipbical  method.-      Ibit  tltis  would  be  to 
abandon  ])bilosopby  as  a  tbougbt-prol)lem  and  to  mi>take  a  i)ractical 
for  a  tlieoretical  solution.      It  is  in  this  same  spirit  that  llegd   savs 
that  pbilosop]]y  begins  where  Jace*l)i  ends,  for  ])]iilosopbv  is  an  en- 
deavor to  resolve  the  contradictions  of  life.     Jacobi,  he  savs.   sim- 
ply proves  the  })resence  of  c<antradictions,  and  stops  there. ^     If  tliis 
were  all  he  did,  then  Jacobi  would  not  l)e  a  philosopher  at  all.      It 
is  true  that  in  his  early  writings  Jacol/i  was  merely  the  mystic,  the 
dreamer,  and  that  be  did  not  try  to  formulate  his  views  in  anv  svs- 
tematic  way,  but  was  satisfied  to  express  them  in  the  romantic  forms 
of  correspondence  and  fiction.     In  his  later  years,  however,  he  was 
led  to  more  definite  formulations  of  his  doctrines,  and  came  also  to 
see  that  his  princi])le  of  immediacy  was  no  less  a  principle  of  thought 
than  of  feeling,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  he  changed  his  termi- 
nology, and  that  he  called  his  principle  *  reason  '  rather  than  '  feel- 
ing.'    We  do  not  regard  this  change  in   names  as  indicating  anv 
change  in  principle,  but  only  as  evidence  that  he  came  to   realize 
more  clearly  that  thought  no  less  than  feeling  was  a  factor  in  imme- 
diacy.    Perhaps  the  best  and  most  complete  presentation  of  his  doc- 
trine is  to  be  found  in  his  latest  writings, — the  general  Introduction 
to  his  collected  works,  which  is  prefixed  to  the  second  volume.     It 
will  !)e  our  task  now  to  follow  him  in  more  detail  in  his  exposition 
of  his  doctrine,  as  this  can  be  gathered  from  his  complete  works. 
Jacol)i's  general  attitude  was  that  of  the  Faith  Philosopbv.     This 

'  op.   cit..  pp.   ;6.   7^. 
"E.  g.,   Kuhn  and   Zirngiel)!. 

3  C  ;.  Levy-Bruhl,  La  pliilosopJiic  dc  Jacobi.  pp.  247-8.     For  Hegel's  criticism  of 
Jaco'hi  cj.  He.uel.  Wcrkc.  Bd.  b  pp.  50-11  j:  Bd.  V.  pp.  126  \i  \  Bd.  XV.  pp.  4S6  n. 


iC> 


'  I  ■  [  ;  I , 


WY  nr  r 


I  \f' 


was   a   _c:c!K'ral 
alrc-adx-    -i-cn.      It 
irardin 


*'Pi'''^''''^'=    t*'    '•    'KiiK  ^n-trativc    v\->un 


W  I 


have 


■'■y'^'      ^^   <lHvcir.i    itM'ii    ar   t!n],>   diK-dv   a--ai!i^t    Kaiii.   rc- 

Hofidiiio-  .p,.aks  of  -  a  very  >i-nihcant  ( ,j»p.  .sitir^n  otToivd  hv  a  -roiip 
ot  men  wh(.  all,  under  diiuivnt   fnrnis,  maintained  the  >^i-nifK-anoe 
ot  mimediate   feelin-    and  of  historical   traditi(^n  :  speakin-  hroa.ilv. 
we  may   .say   they  defende.l   tlie   undivided,   concentrated   activity   .'.f 
the  spirit   m  opposition   to   Kant's  analysis  and  criticiMu   which'  kd. 
hmi,  at  >o  many  points,  to  make  .sharj)  di>tinctions  between  element:> 
which,   as   a   matter  of    fact,   are   only   ^14-iven   in    in(li>s<  .luble   union. 
Ihoe  men,  for  tlie  most  part,  do  Kant  injustice;  for  thev  overlonk 
the  attempts  which  he  himself  made  to  reunite  that   which  he  had 
only  i)ut  asunder  for  the  sake  of  clearness,  and   the   furtherance  of 
investigation."^     This  opposition  to  Kant  -rew  out  of  tlieir  opposi- 
tion to  the  philosophy  of  the  AufJdavuu^,  to  which  thev  thou-ht  he 
still   belono-ed.      They   liad   come   to   distrust   mere   reason,   and   con- 
ceived loo-ical   thouo-ht  to  he  abstract,  and  therefore  divorced   from 
the   true,    in    immediate   apprehen^inn   of   which    alone   thev    thou-ht 
knowledo-e  could  be  -ained.      llamann  thou-ht  knowled-e  the  most 
abstract   form  of  our  existence,  and   that  only  bv  means  of  feelino- 
"do   abstractions    -et    liands,    feet,    or    win-s."^  '  This    extrava-aiU 
view  Jace.bi  a(loj)ted.  and  conceived  that  thou-ht  is  n.-t  the  true  way 
of  life,  but  that  tlie  way  of  life  is  mysterious    (mvstical  ) ,  and  nr>t 
syllocristic,  and  not  mechanical.'^ 

Knowled-e,    then,    (l(,es    not    dei)end    primarilv    upon    a    reasnnin- 

process,  accordincr  to  Jao.bi,  but  upon  an  immediate  intuitinn      O  .n" 

cernin-    Allwill,    throu-h    whoui    Jacolu    speaks    his   own    view.s.    he 

says:  ■'  Wdiat  he  had  investigated,  he  so  sou-lu  to  imi)re,v>  on  him- 

selt.   that   it   should   remain    with    him.      All   his   mi-htv   cnnvicti.*us 

rest   upon   immediate  intuition.'**      To   hiin,   therefore,   '•tlie    validity 

^'^"  ^^^^'   ^^■">i^>l^'   evidence   is   sur)eri.)r  to  every   i^tional   conclusion. •••' 

Kverythino-   depends    on    k)ercept!,,n    o.r   intuitmn.      This    is    excellent 

abnve  all  processes  of  mfet-ence;   lor  the  latter  cannot  di^cowr  tiiat 

anythin-  i>,  but   themselves  presnppM.e  a   consciousness   .^i    tlie   trur 

Uf)on    which    thev    rest.      I  "nderstandin-   (k'j.ends    u| 

the  hand-maid  i^i  intuition,    from    \\iiich   u   receive:- 

wliich    it    e]a!)t;rates.      Accordm^-'x .   '"  liie   onrist    ;=|i^ 

Slot!  has  a-  a  result  tlie  p'^'ires?         '     '   ' 


:)o.n    ari' 


i  s        I 


all    the   materia: 


aiM  nche-t 


vai.si 


\  i 


III   i.  1 


le  iiiaLcriai 


'('/■■. 

'  Ibid 

3  1  \- 

*       I  T. 


\      '    .1. 


p.      !  lu. 


a.   !>. 


-  r,'- 


X:n. 


^Zirn-o 


i  •   ~  / 


i  Lt'Li:,  Dichtcn  tind  Dcnkcn 


'Idii:    AtA'FRiXE    Ok    ImmVA^WCv 


0/ 


i  t 


.  1 


i 


1 


"iiK's   thtv,no-]i    intuition    (sense  or   reason  k    and    i^ 

We  cannot  aljsnhiteh-  create  aiu- 
"f    the    uiider>tandino-    alone.      lacobi.    there" 


ented   t'  i  tile  undier.stimdii]'^ 


jna, 

thm--    ]r,     uiv'dv. 

"^^^''^'^  ^^''"^"^  ''-'''^'  ^"^  P'l^-^'ly  ^i  tnori  knowled-e  wh^dlv 'fmile. 
^le  >'!<!  i^^t  s,.e  that  Kant  wa>  not  trvin-  to  discover  kiiowled-e 
which  should  be  independent  of  all  experience,  but  knowled-e  of 
(^  N'un-i  r.rinciples  which  entered  into,  and  therek^re  were  con^titu- 
tu'e  oit,  all  ex|)erience. 

fn  op|)ositinn   to  the  Sensationalists  wlio  held  tliat  all   knowled-e 
comes    irom    sensation,   and    to    Kant    who   held    that   pure   (7   pnori 
knowled-e  is  possible,  Jacobi  maintained  that  the  rece])tive  i^irt  oi 
mind  is  two-fold.      iMrst,  there  is  sensibilitv,  or  the  facultv  of  ^er^e 
impression,  wliich  reveals  objects  of  the  external  world  immediateiv 
to   the  mmd.     Secondly,  there  is   spiritual   feelin-  or   faith,^   which 
he  came  later  to  call  '  reason.'     This  was  his  own  peculiar  philosoph- 
ical position,  and  marks  him  oft   from  others  more  than  anv  otlier 
ot   his  doctrines.     He  here  used  the  word  'reason'  in  a  new  and 
peculiar   >;ense.      Heretofore   'reason,'   when   different   from   tlie   un- 
derstanding, had  been  used  to  denote  a  hi-her  facultv  of  thou-ht, 
a  taculty  which  did  more  than  elaborate  the  data  of 'sense-impres- 
^'['''-     '^'^^'^^^  ^■''   however,   some  historical   warrant   for    Jacobi's   use 
ot  the  term,  in  that  reason  as  thus  used  had  denoted  the  facultv  of 
the  unconditioned.     Kant  had  used  it  in  this  wav,  and  had  dealt  with 
the  prolfems  of  tlie   Soul,   Free(kuu,   and   God,   callin-  them   Ideas 
of  Reason. 

^    Hi>  use  of  the  words  'faith.'  'belief.'  with  reference  to  the  same 

faculty  and  the  assurance  of  it>  truthfulness,  is  likewise  not  altr,- 
Kether  unlike  previous  uses  of  these  words.  Kant  had  used  '  faith  ' 
to  cl,nr.w  that  belief  m  the  bleas  of  Reason  which  lu.Tsists  bevond 
''^^  ^^'\  ^^q^ticism  of  the  Dialectic.  Rut  Hume  is  the  one  who'fnr- 
f-^^^^''.;'Af-^;'^*'  '^'''  ^'^'^-f  warrant  f n-  this  u>e  of  the  term.  He  u^e> 
'^'';'''-  '^'  '■'''"^''  ^^^^'  assurance  we  have  of  the  realitv  of  .Riect^, 
''■|''^'^\'^''-  P^'^-em  to  the  seiwe-.  and  thereby  to  distiii-uish  kii-nvi- 
'''■-''  ^'"'''  i^-'^^-niation.  kaiili  or  ik-iief  is  the  nanx-  of  that  ireim- 
"^   '-^■''•-^'^y   ^vRch   is  attached   to  ,air  knowled-e  of  actual   rRifCiT 


ai;'i  w^n-ci]  -n^o 
0( )   ( ^r; ;  ■-■    \' ■•  o  1    ti 


\  > 


i   i  1 '   'lis. 


'^'•"^'^■''^''-^'   ^r--n   inia-:iiiati-n,  wliudi  lias  to 
^'^aitlK  tiieti   Is  tlu;  con\'ic';' .Ti   we 


Udad. 


'1 


I'iVi       >  '. 


the     UClU'iillW     (,i     llu- 


wiru- 


ooe^    n. 


1 1  si 


~f  ■*  1 


'fi'eCI 


-ercc] 


WiU' 


1-. 


■a    C'^tu'-ct:-!] 
riierence   to 


'  II.  p.  60. 
^Ibid.    ir 


Understanding,  Sectior,   \  .   Part  ii. 
3  IV,  a,  p.  210. 


:■    156   ff. ;   and  Hume.  Enquiry   concerning  Human 


( 


t-  *» 


--<l 


vs 


(■> 


SOPHY    OF   F.    H.   JACOB!. 


1 , ; 


^ii|)t;rM:ri-i!iir    <m)U'CI-.    ][    i-    an    nnii:;  ,  iiatv    r-ilriMi.^n    i'*"    •; 
kill A\-k'dL:'r  aiKi   will   ]!i   ihr  intiU'   -]U!-i!    ^a    inaMj     i'lrlainr. 


'Cii-c  aiMi  u 


!  I    1    '   ',  ■  I. 


'lana 


:i^  much  t<i  ri'a><'M  an«i  ii:-  <>hKi-i-.  a 
tamty  and  ia-a-*'!i  i^. .  t*  ■^mIu  i-.-  1-"imi!i  tin-,  -lircci  a— nranr.'  in  m- 
iiiiti'in  all  ciTtaiii!}-  ari-r:>.  '■JIi-w  can  \\a-  -triw  fi -r  cn:'ntnn\  nn- 
Ic--  \w  arc  alrt-adx-  in  |)M>sr-M-;i  .if  v,  .inr  cirtaniix  :  .\n<i  h,-A-  can 
It  be  known  to  ns  rxcrpt  li\-  thai  whicli  wv  aliaaiix  kn..w  wnli  ci  r- 
tamt y  r  I  his  Ic-ad^  ii>  tn  the  idea  of  an  i]!inie<liate  ci-rtanitx.  wliich 
needs  no  |)r(H.f.  hut  ah><i]ntel\  excludo  all  pia.of,  hcin--  it^lf  ahnx^ 
the  idea  (/  orstclhiH:^  )  corresp,  mdini^^  to  the  repre.serned  <  hu'Ci.  and 
hence  having  its  reason  in  it>elf.  ddic  cnviction  irMni  pr^.-f  is  a 
conviction  at  second  hand;  it  rest>  on  comparison,  and  can  never 
be  quite  sure  and  com])lete."' 

rhcTc   are,   then,   two   faculties   oi  perce])tion,   Sen^e   and    Rea-on 
(or   Faith).      These   two   faculties   are.    for  Jacobi,   ver\    much   alike 
in  form.      Idrst,  tliey  are  alike  in  view  of  the  nature  of  tluir  reveki- 
tions.      r.oih  reveal  tlieir  objects  imm.ediatelv  to  knowledge,  wuhout 
the  mediation  ')f  any  j)rocess  of  |)roof.      Secondly,  thev  are  alike  in 
that    they    both    brin.i,-    to    consci(m>ne>s    actual    substantial    objects. 
Thirdly,   they  are  alike   in   view  of  the  immediate  certaint\-   where- 
with they  reflect  their  objects   in   consciousness.'     ddie\-   differ  onlv 
in  the  objects  which  each  reveals.      Sense,  on  the  one  li;md.  reveal> 
the   sensible  real,   the   real   of   the   external   world   of   .-en-e  objects. 
Reason,  on   the  other  hand,   reveals  the   supersensible   real,   the   rt  al 
of  the  supersensil)le  nr  spiritual   object.-.''     The  proco-  of  the   tir.-t 
i>  an  impression,  and  that  of  the  seoMid  is  a  kind  of   fcrhuL!".      ddie 
concei)tions  of  tlie  first  are  called   object- :   tho-e  of  the   mc  ukI   are 
called  Ideas.''  or,  as  Kant  call-  them.   Ideas  of  Kea-^n.     To  Im^Ii  of 
the-e  i>  attached   a   certain    fcelim^  of  actualitx^   that    </nabir-   t  uv   to 
di>tm,i;uidi  the  true  from  thi'  i'alM.  truth  from  fiction 
i>    Relief.      lUn   Jacobi    wa-   oanewhai   carek--   m   hi- 
and  -eems  at  times  to  call  iln-  a-<urancr  '  faiih  * 
Lon-eijtu  nti\-,  '  faith  '  repre-rnt-  n;  i  .  ]]]\    du-  facidix' 
ou-   knowledi^e.   but   al-o   a!    ti!]a 
tile  object-  of  that   kno\\li;Jn,_ 
the  Word  G!au''C. 


W  e;. 


11-    Irriim^- 

' ']    ■  erm-. 
1 1,  r  J 1 1 1  ^ . 

I  '-y-rii-'i- 


l!ir   a--nra]ic<.    >  a 

Tlli-     i-     tlllr    I-  :    \]u: 


I  ■• 


'1 '  1 


t,  a-1  i  \'    -f!,* 


n        t  i  1  .  ^  « 

I  1  .        I    !   iiU 


1.; 


I  i  i  ( 


a 


*  <  ■< 


MW    a.    I.    .1,. 


Ubul.,  [.[..   r,| 


K-'.5<T 


THE   DOCTRINE   OF   IMMEDIACY. 


39 


faculty  ah.  w   la.  a-^ 

iein    M  ■   imder-tand 


an,    r 


;l 


-k: 


1 


^oj  a  I  -I.  ,i -1  i):v    I  >\  i](.a:l-.       I'  =  r 
laiiii   which   L^u'e-   Cvriainiw 
si'i'l"  -^■--  trie  actual  exi-teiice 


I .  a 


n  -  a  ^ 


:  w  I  r 


I  4.   .      ■     '  i    L        it  K     \ 

i   jH^rc'..  i'la  ai 
11    that    ])ercei\i^-.    ]• 
\ta-on.   a-   a    ]K;rciT)li\a 
I  the  irue  ; "  and  reveal-  l 


wnne 
1 ) 


.  s 


till  true. 


^1^'-'  ^' ^'  d,  and  the  beautiful.'      The  oriL^nial  ]ii:iu  of  rea--n.  liowevi 


V.     1 


^^   niitli.'   /.   t\,  it   is   faith   whicli   i^ivo   the  as-urance  that    what   the 
reason  rrwak-  i-  actualitx-  and  not  lictic'ii. 

Jacojsi's  pkao  acc(aalini.^ly,  was  for  the  recognition  of  a  facult\  to 
Vshich  the  su])ersensil)le  >hall  be  true,  and  not  a  mere  hctieiU. — a 
faculty  wdiich  shall  recoi^nize  the  true  in  and  above  |dienomena,  and 
which  is  ditterent  from  sense  and  understanding:.''  This  facultv, 
then,  is  reason,  and  it  is  an  eye  for  spiritual  things;  and  he  calls  it  the 
"  soul-eye,""  as  sense  is  the  "  a|)|)earance-eye.'"''  He  appeals  to 
Socrates  and  Plato  as  authority  for  thus  speaking  of  a  liigher  reason. 
— a  facult}-  wdiich  ai)prehends  the  s|Trituak'  fhit  above  this,  again, 
is  haith.  r.eliet,  wdrlch  is  the  assurance  of  the  actualitv  of  the-e 
oljjects. 

Reason,  then,  becomes  the  faculty  of  direct  and  immediate  knowl 
edge,  as  Understanding  is  the  faculty  of  indirect  and  mediate  knowl- 
edge.' KiKWvledge  of  the  former  sort  is  in  no  wa\-  dep-endent  u])on 
proof,  but  is  independent  and  above  proof. ^  ITere  onl\  are  ]V<nd- 
dence  and  l^Veedom  truly  known. ^"  Idiese  man  does  not  ordinarilv 
disj)ute.  for  he  naturally  l)elieves  both  his  sense  and  his  reason,  since 
iipon  this  acceptance  depends  all  kne)wledge."  \\\'  are  all  born  into 
laitli  ju-t  as  we  are  born  into  Micietw'-  And  all  actualitv,  the  cor- 
poreid  which  the  sen-e-  rrveal,  a<  well  a-  the  -piritual  which  the 
ria-on  re\-eal-.  i-  t<'  man  certitird  throa^gh  Faith  (Ikdiefi  alour. 
llnre  i-  no  crrtaint\-  <nit-ide  and  a])ove  this.'" 


Kea-oii.   thereloiia.a   1-    Hot    It'Undol   \:i>' 


iioi]    i  iniik  r-taiiMinc 


u  e  n : '  1  i  - 1 1"  a  o  ( ■  n 


oi   oemon-tra- 


IT!.    T, 

'  -  \ 

2  111,  F 

so    ,  ^ 

»•   3 

2. 

'      t    ' 

1  '^ 

y]:l. 

Mi,   a. 

73 

, 

'Ibid., 

!'■ 

~  a 

'  Ibid., 

P- 

72. 

^Ibid., 

P- 

lOI. 

''Ibid., 

p. 

io6. 

i^Ibid. 

1.   op.  cit.,  p.   272. 


^^  Ibid.,  p.  108. 
^2  IV,  a,  p.  210. 
'3  11,  pp.   108-9. 


^o 


Tiir:  rini.osopiiv  oi-   !■.  ir.  jacoiu. 


'iili:    DOC'I  RINIC    ()!■"    IMMJ.IvIACY. 


'V 


With  this  bco-ins  knowieclgo  and  science,  /.  c,  they  bcq-in  with  the 
material  furnished  by  sense  and  reason  as  facuUies  of  percei)tion. ' 
But  Jacobi  did  not  develop  this  further  knowledi^'-e  as  we  niiirht  wish  ; 
he  seemed  satisfied  to  leave  it  less  or-anized  than  the  spirit  of  his 
system    would    permit.     His    indisposition    to    systematize    what    he 
conceived  to  be  the  revelations  of  reason   is   no  d-nibt   due   to  his 
vein  of  mysticism,  which  was  a  relic  of  his  early  Tietistic  traifiin^i:. 
He  seemed  afraid  to  analyze  carefully,  lest  he  should  lose  the  actual 
in  the  thought,  the  true  in  the  truth.     This  defect  was  the  result  of 
his  inherent  distrust  of  the  understanding;,  which  he  conceived  could 
not  deal  faithfully  with  the  supersensible,  but  woul.l  turn  it  into  false- 
hood.    The  understanding  was  to  him  a  faculty  of  the  conditioned; 
Vv-hde  the  Ideas  of  Reason  were  unconditioned,  and  were  therefore 
outside  the  sphere  of  the  understanding. 

This  immediacy  of  reason  Jacobi  took  to  be  the  startin--|K.int  of 
philosophy,  and  in  this  he  dilTered  -reatly  from  He-el.  wlu",  rc-arded 
such  an  inmiediacy  as  the  result  of  thou-ht,  /.  c,  as  thou-ht's  hi-liest 
attainment  rather  than  its  be-innin-      To  Jacobi,  however,  reason 
(Fcniuuft)  constitutes  the  data  of  all  thought  (rcrsfaml),  and  with- 
out this  we  -et  only  empty  form   without  content.-     "  All  human 
knowled-e  proceeds  from  revelation  and  faith. "^      ''  The  clement  of 
all   human   knowled-e  and   activity   is   faith.*''     This   knowled-e  is 
possible  to  man  because  he  is  spirit,  and  to  him,  therefore,  the  Giver 
of  that  spirit  can  be  present,— more  present  to  his  heart  than  nature 
is  to  his  outward  senses.     The  true,  the  beautiful,  and  the  -ood  are 
more  to  his  inner  sense  than  sensible  objects  are  to  his  outer  sense.  ^ 
Jacobi  accordin-iy  conceived  that  we  believe  in   God  "because  we 
see   Him,"  thouoh  he  is  not  visible  to  the  bodilv  eve.     Yet   He   is 
an    appearance    to    every    hi-h    and    noble    man.'     And.    moreover, 
"'nothin,cr   is  more   like   God.'   says   Socrates   throu-h    Plato.   ^  than' 
that  one  amoncr  us  who  is  most  ri,q-hteous.'  "•' 

The  truth  of  intuition,  then,  is  in  the  fact  that  the  objects  them- 
selves are  revealed  directly  to  us.  It  is  the  intuition  of  reason  which 
afiords  us  a  knowled.i^e  of  supersensible  objects,  that  is.  affords 
us  assurance  of  their  reality  and  truth.  Jacobi  called  his  philosnphv 
the  phdosophy  of  pure  objective  feelin-  because  it  reco-nizes  the 
authority    of    this    feeling   as    the    highest,    and    builds    upon    this 

'  II.  p.  III. 

'  IbiiL,  J).    1 12. 
^  III,  p.  xxxiii. 
*  IV,  a,  p.  223. 
^  II,  pp.  1 14-120. 
'  Ibid.,  p.   120. 


f 


authority.^  "All  actu.ality,  the  corporeal  which  reveals  il-rlf  t<'  the 
senses,  as  well  as  the  spiritual  which  reveals  itself  to  the  reason,  is 
authenticated  in  man  only  through  feeling;  there  is  no  authority 
outside  of  or  above  this."^ 

It  is  in  this  faculty  of  supersensuous  feeling  (which  Jacobi  later 
called  reason)  that  man  finds  his  peculiar  character.  It  is  ihis  alone 
which  makes  him  superior  to  animals.  "  The  imj^ression,  however, 
which  grounds  knowledge  in  the  sensuous  intuition  (called  the 
proper  knowledge)  is  as  little  superior  to  feeling  [reason],  which 
grounds  knowledge  in  faith,  as  the  order  of  animals  is  superi-tr  to 
the  order  of  men,  the  material  world  to  the  intellectual,  r^r  nature  to 
its  author."'  'i'his  ''rational  intuition''*  is  man's  peculiar  jxiwer, 
and  ''  it  is  solely  and  alone  by  the  proprinm  of  reason  that  man  is 
elevated  above  mere  animal  being."  Jacobi  thus  showed  that  he 
saw  clearly  the  distinction  between  man  and  animal,  betw((n  knowl- 
edge and  instinct,  between  the  process  of  thought  and  the  process  of 
nature.  We  may  not  thinly  he  gave  a  com])letely  satisfactory  ac- 
count of  the  distinction,  but  he  certainly  saw  the  great  difference. 
And  to  have  seen  this  distinction  at  a  time  when  one  man  could  sav, 
and  a  school  of  thought  could  i)ractically  believe,  that  the  *  brain 
secretes  thought  as  the  liver  secretes  bile,*-^  was  a  very  important 
advance  for  ihonghi.  ruid,  indeed,  the  first  great  step  toward  a  true 
j)hilosophy  of  mind  which  should  recognize  man's  j)owrr  ^^{  <v\\- 
conscioiisness  as  that  which  marks  him  oil  ixom  all  other  orders  oi 
terrestrial  existence.  To  Jacobi,  then,  man  is  not  merelv  a  higher 
sj^ecies  ol  animal,  not  a  member  of  a  mechanical  ord'-r  of  nature, 
not  a  monad  or  member  of  a  gradualt-d  order,  as  with  L<ibniz,  but, 
in  view  of  his  reasi^n  and  his  knowledge,  he  is  somethini^  absolutelv 
different  from  nature.  Jacobi  reached,  in  fact,  the  modern  point  of 
view,  in  which  it  is  held  that  the  kn^jwledge  of  nature  cannot  be 
itself  a  part  of  nature,^  and  in  which  there  is  held  to  be  a  conij)lete 
distinction  between  knowledge  and  nature. 

The  knowledge  which  comes  through  feeling  in  this  wav,   lacobl 
called   *  revelation.'     And   in   accordance  with   this  he  affirmed   two 

J  II,  p.  61. 

'Ibid.,   pp.    108-9. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  60. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  59. 

5  Cabanis   (1757-1808).     Cf.   Iloffdinp,  op.  cit.,  II,  p.  300. 

^  Cf.  T.  H.  Green,  Prolegomena  to  Ethics,  p.  11  :  "  Can  the  knowledge  of  nature 
be  itself  a  part  or  product  of  nature,  in  that  sense  of  nature  in  which  it  is  said  to 
be  an  object  of  knowledge?  This  is  our  first  <|ucstion.  If  it  is  answered  in  the 
negative,  we  shall  at  least  have  satisfied  ourselves  that  man,  in  respect  of  the 
function   called   knowledize,   is   not   merely   a   child   of   nature." 


42 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF    F.    H.    JACOBI. 


principles:  First,  that  ''without  all  revelation   (every  orij-inal  thing 
in  feeling)  man  would  stand  in  the  series  of  animals,  the  most  ra"^ 
tional  indeed,  and  first,  but  also  the  most  essentially  wild  and  un- 
Iiappy."     And   second,   that   "  without   free  use  and   proper   under- 
standing of  divine  truth,  man  would  be  degraded  to  a  mere  blind 
tool.     And  as  a  blind  tool,   to  what  conceivable  purjKJse?  and  de- 
graded wherefrom?     Here  vanishes  all  ihought."      lUit  this   revela- 
tion  is   not  directly  to  knowledge,   but  to  feeling   (reason)    and  so 
needs^  careful   interpretation.     "  The  original   revelation   of   God   to 
mankind  is  no  revelation  in  image  and  word,  but  a  dawning  in  the 
inner  feeling.    .    .    .    And  the  divinely  imparted  truth  can,  thlTefore, 
be  misunderstood,  it  can  be  darkened  and  misconceived.'" 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  to  Jacobi  the  first  step  in  knowledge  is 
the  revelation  or  the  experience  of  the  self,  which  as  a  given^'fact 
stands  above  all  proof  or  demonstration.  Some  principles  thus  need 
no  proof,  for  all  things  which  can  be  brought  to  proof  are  already 
in  conviction,  and  need  no  proof.  Such  is  '  I  am.'  This  is  itscl'f 
immediate,  and  upon  it  all  others  depend.^  The  business  of  the 
philosopher,  then,  is  not  to  build  up  or  to  deduce  experience,  but 
merely  to  give  an  interpretation  of  the  content  of  the  original  reve- 
lation, or  exfjerience. 

There  are  then  two  phases  in  man's  consciousness,  the  conditioned 
and  the  unconditioned.     The  former  is  the  element  of  sense,  or  of 
nature,  and  the  latter  the  element  of  reason,  or  the  supernatural. 
Of  the  latter  we  have  a  better  idea  than  of  the  former.""^     ''  One  can 
call   sense  and   reason   the   nnifcriu!  origins   of  knowledge,   and   the 
understanding  the  foniial.     They  are  the  organs  through  which  the 
sensible  and  the  supersensible  objects  come  into  human  conscious- 
ness,  with   the  witness,   accordingly,    for  their  objective   validity."^ 
The    understanding   works   only    upon    the   materials   of   knowledge 
thus  given,  and  out  of  these  produces  the  systematic  form  of  knowl- 
edge which  can  come  only  after  experience.     It  is  a  Xaclisiuncn, 
and    has   to   do   only    with    that    which    perception    brings    forward! 
Much  of  the  language  of  Jacobi  in  this  and  similar  connections  would 
lead  one  to  think  that  he  denied  in  toto  the  possibilitv  of  synthetic 
judgments  a  priori.     He  spoke  of  the  necessity  of  the  experience 
of  the  true  as   the  prerequisite  of   the   knowledge   which   is   truth. 
This,  strictly  interpreted,  would  mean  that  knowledge  must  ohi'a\s 
folloiv   experience,   and    that   it   could   never  anticipate   experienc'e. 
'•  ni,  p.  XX. 

'V,  pp.  121-3.     Cf.  Kuhn,  op.  cit.,  p.   140. 

^IV.  1),  pp.  1 5 --5. 

<  Kuhn,  <)/>.   cit.,  p.    270. 


THE   DOCTRINE   OF    IMMEDIACY. 


43 


1 


From  this  it  becomes  evident  that  Jacobi  never  saw  the  true  nature 
of  synthetic  judgments.  He  conceived  synthesis  as  but  a  form  of 
thought  elaboration,  forever  moving  within  a  circumscribed  area. 
He  did  not  see  that  synthetic  jtulgments  can  give  a  real  connection 
of  thought  between  data  and  conclusion,  /.  r.,  can  pass  with  cer- 
tainty frcjm  the  given  to  what  the  given  involves.  11  ;■  lie  pcrec-ivt-d 
this  he  would  li.i\e  found  synthesis  just  the  instrument  for  his  pur- 
pose, for  he  could  thus  have  reached  by  thought  uliai  he  saw  no 
way  to  reach  but  b\-  perception.^ 

Faith,  then,  was  to  Jacobi  a  iiaiural  belief  in  the  rtality  of  the 
objects  of  knowledge  which  are  revealed  to  sense  and  reason.  Rev- 
elation is  possible  only  in  respect  to  real  objects.  Reason  (faith), 
is  the  faculty  of  setting  before  us  that  which  is  itself  true,  good,  and 
beautiful,  with  perfect  certainty  of  its  objective  validity.-  *'  Reason 
plainly  presui)poses  the  true,  as  the  outer  sense  space,  and  the  inner 
sense  time,  and  exists  only  as  the  faculty  of  this  presupposition.  So 
that  where  this  presupposition  is  wanting  there  is  no  reason.  The 
true  must  therefore  be  possessed  by  man  just  as  certainly  as  he 
possesses  reason."-' 

Like  Descartes  and  modern  philosophy  generally,  Jacobi  found 
the  first  foothold  of  certaintv  in  the  individual, — in  the  knowledcre 
which  the  conscious  self  has  of  its  experiences.  ''The  root  of  all 
evidence  is  in  the  clear  consciousness  of  a  perception ;  we  see  our- 
selves only  in  a  mirror."''  The  presence  of  the  true  and  the  acttial 
to  the  soul  which  realizes  its  own  being  is  itself  all  the  evidence 
which  can  be  given  or  is  required.  This  immerliate  union  ot  the 
true  with  truth  or  with  knrnvledge  is  the  only  j)rinciple  of  certainty, 
and  by  it  alone  being  and  thought  hold  together. 

This  recognition  of  knowledge  as  containing  actuality  is  a  verv 
important  p(jint  to  notice;  for  it  is  on  this  rock  that  so  many  philo- 
sophical systems  have  gone  to  pieces.  The  Sensationalists  made 
the  internal  sensation  the  only  thing  of  which  there  was  any  cer- 
tainty, and  therefore  found  it  impossible  to  give  any  account  of  the 
world  of  objects,  either  sensible  or  supersensible.  Some  of  the 
idealists  had  made  the  idea  everything,  and  were  siniilarlv  unable 
to  get  a  real  objective  world.  While,  on  the  other  hand,  the  mate- 
rialists, having  made  the  object  the  only  real  thing,  were  accord- 
ingly unable  to  get  an\-  true  subject,  not  even  a  subject  for  their  real - 

*  Vide  supra,  p.  31.     Cf.  Aiipendix  to  David  Hume,  "  Ueber  d.  transccndcnlalcn 
Idealismus."  IVcrkc,   II,  pp.   291-310. 

MI.  p.   II. 

•  Ibid.,  p.    1 01. 
*VI,   p.    201. 


44 


THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF    F.    H.    JACOBI. 


object.  It  would  be  too  much  to  say  that  Jacobi  gave  a  sufficient 
account  of  the  problem,  or  that  he  completely  saw  the  solution,  but 
he  at  least  pointed  the  way  to  Hegel  and  the  modern  logicians  who 

see  t]  :u  i.in-vlrrlcre  i^  a  "^nbicct-nbject  relation,  aii-l  tlmt  in  the  iud<^- 
'^■' '^   ^i^^    :!•■■'    :-   ruatcd  directly  to  reality,  and   liia;    .  ;ir  primarv 

v::'V^]'rci\:-  arc  a-araaa  ai"  n  ui:^  a^-a^  ■  ;iaa/  rrha- -n  of  mind  to  its 
object/      To  <vv:iv:a^    iiaaa  aiai  iN  ^.aj=.  at  i>  lu  make  a  division  which 


aa'^-^roiu-ia  <  la  aa,  a 

''  '  '         I'm'    \  \  \ '       i  !  '  f  '       t  ■"  J  I  ^ 


'. '  raome. 


:'nr<-     1 


( '  n  a.  s,aa  \  ( ■ 
dogrnaii-t 


it 


'a  i!a. 


la ;;'' 


:a''    i  -tablished   the 

\(  V  ra--  -aacists  an- i 


^■.     Ma  ^lili  I!-  aar 
a   '  uilto  ;a  ^rn'r/ 


' ;  t . 


1 ,  a ,  - 


n  1  i 


i  < a.a ni;    an  ] i   <  iHa i r  *  'r 


[i\v  I    rrHile 
liix'   aa  -;a„'S 


it    ih 


<  1  r  ra 


a.'aii  vi^in 


ia-    cuvvr]\i    caaaiaaal    nhi:' 


1 . 


i    '.  i 


ra!  i\  V  iiaaviaaaiia' 
aniir  '.  xtiaaaa-il   i 


1 


a-<  .an'l  .  a 


hat    a.. 
iaiK;a- 


n    *  a'   I  aai  !<  >ii-t  fai 


-!   tJa-  a... 

a-i  .  a      H  r   1  hi  'U  a  ill    i  ]'/   \\ 
'^  a/v 'aa«  'M    a  i    ; a  ■•-   ^  ;•  ^a*  ra : r 
ai  a  M I   a  ;   air    ra  r!  a  ■]■   an 'v."!  v 
n r    ! ! "^  aaja    thai    f fMn: 


•  i  1  ■  ■ 


he 


:mmcf!iaa\a 

a  ■'■  ^aai  i  ui 
-'i!a,a-.-   .  r 


tla.;   uai  '(!"-*  'ni-hria'  a  ■  l 


"  t  V  ,    . ' 


a '  1 1     \ '. '  a  •-   11';  I  -i 


i"r-ai  -ar  a-  the  Mtlu-r  re^jaiiah  a  Kai'  ai  the  <ai!-k.  W ha  :i  M;ar  a 
per-'Hi  rhih-  hirn-^aif  i  >]]  the  .!!//\^  hui^lit-  of  -j)eaihaia  li.  har<-  a^  ao 
'^^hia  hack  hut  ft)  ca>t  niie'^  sail  int-i  thr  a]i\-><  nf  faitla'  'J  h?  laahr- 
staiahiii^-  m  it>  -i-If->!ih!auaia\  thinh-  thi  re  i-  no  \va\  i>.  the  aatua;. 
lait  faith  >eparate-  it-t^!f  fr-n:  laah  r-taiaiiii-a  aial  thr-w^-  a-eif  an- 
'^■^''•^-^^'>'  I'h'  '^  ^^''^-  actiaih  Wh.;  lauM  si\a  then,  that  •■  thi  ref- na;--- 
thi-  i>  tile  Sii:f<> — a\a'r\  la-ineipk-  .h  niehaite  kn* 'uhehLt'e  aah  vvi-(!»aii 
nui-t  he  tal>e.  and  tiie  ''ppc^Ue  ntce--arh\-  trne.  /.  c,  tlieta;  are  iia- 
niehuite  trnth-.  aial  tlie  knMwK'd-'e  of  the  ohjective  hi  ina  'h  thniL;- 
i^  '  aie  I  'f  thc^nh'' 


1  lie    aanidataai    <h    a']    kn^ 'Wach-r    \\a-    tliii-.    t' 

.  5 e .  -  -      a, 


■ha     intna 
-a 


ta'T!  '  r  unnahKic).  1  he  ina  ler-tanhniaa  h<  \\e\aaa  a-  an  ehih-ir.! 
^'va  taciht).  \v«a-k-  <ail\-  n]w,n  'the  irixan  "  of  s(a;>e  iMrcejai'aa  tmd 
pro(hice-  >c!ence.  Ihie  inia-nhu a  au d  hein^;'  !•-  lajnaih  "  a;-ivenh  hnt 
(h>i>  not  -n!)]nil  it>e]f  to  the  nraka--tan(hnL:'.  "'An  -ciii,titk-  thoui^ht 
is  mediate,  and  pre>np])(wes  an  inanediate  which  it-elf  cannot  con- 
^^'^'^'^'-  ■  .  .  It  i-  tile  -f><7>'".  L'i'no:  nf  the  rationtih-tic  .  I  nf/JdriDi  :^ 
Xi)  hehieve  ('niy  what  can  hie  -cientilicah y  pre^xaai.  Ihiconah'tional 
being  can  never  he  |>ro\'en.  hnt  onl\'  inanediatehc   felt.' 

It  as  evident  that  Jac(Ti  did  not  admit  tliat  >cier,ce,-^  conlki  l)e  mahe 

'  Cf.   DosatKiuet.  L.'.^.t.  \'i,].   I,  pje    -6   IT. 

^  C  a    lamjer,   .  <p.   r -a,  p.   '» :;  j. 

•'Kiilm,   .p.  oa    ]K  Sj.      (~a  jac..ai.   IV.  a,  ,.p,   xxxix-xl.   5^,,, 


*  \\ 


iruit  a';;nci.    . -f 


a  a 


it/' 


THE    DOCTRINE    OF   IMMEDIACY. 


45 


out  of  the  material  of  both  kinds  of  perception.  Science  is  possible 
only  in  the  region  of  the  conditioned,  as  this  alone  can  be  presented 
to  the  understanding.  The  knowledge  which  comes  from  the  per- 
ception of  tlh'  supersensible  constitutes  philosoph\  in  the  proper 
sense  of  the  t-  raa  hai  a  1  i  hilosoph,  .0  .  -aaace.'  This  arbitrary 
limitation   of   the    wird   'science'  wns   due  to   the  current  ideal   '^f 

a   mctliod 


i  . . ;  ! 


]iu  •    [;  I    -aaeacae  — 


cxaaiai  ---.    w  ha:h    aaatla^aaiiit^^   h 

. :  a .. ;  a, ,     .,    , ,  ]  ;    1       ,        ^  -     ,         ,  , 

^^  ' '  '^-  ■  ■    i  ■  ' ' . .  o    I  H    a ; ']  a  a, 'o   o'o  \'   a     tar   ~-\a r'  aa  >-    *  >*    o -i  t '  o-.  ^ 

^^ti'^^'^'^   '■■"  '^5e   -ay' roaoil>!e   i--.   tla,rvaaa„a  am    a   ])a'aer   -aa 

^^''•'  -'^k  !-oan.hn-',  \'Jach,  a-^  a    faca!t\-  of  ilu'  coiikiia  .la,.  a.  can 

->v  oray   oa    -■■hm;   matt  rial.      iaa,.   t- >    htcola,   the   imot,a~Manai! 


<  'I   (.  \ 


naiaam   the  •  ^nly   uaaat 
an}    atuanpt    at    a    f-rnnikit 
reasf  n  maM  rK'Ce--arh^ 


diaaai'  ii   i  a''  intiay  aa;taii'  qi  : 


■ai^  a'c 


'H     ( 


1     lee    i\i:o\v!e(  joi'    reCv]\a'ii     taroU'm 


\'    lie    ir 


ai.  aa 


a  tile  aaaier>tankau:.      In   hi: 


hk^^''!'^^'^^k-  'here  a-  no  waller  faiaiity  to  whuhi  thi-  tad-:  can  !  ^e  ;d- 
''-''•^'■''^-  '  h-'  \va-  tlieref'^re  cat  .  aT  from  an-."  s\  ^a,anaa,i;aaaoo  .  .i  no. 
^"'^''  ■''  "^  yh]lo>.,|,hy  h\  hiv  <  wn  \amv  of  mind.  ]K  wai-  aonoaous 
'  !  !!a-  iaiatata^a  and  acc'^rkiayix  triek  to  caitent  hiitoe'f  x'ktiioor 
'•    'khame   expooii,.!^   ,,f   y,^    kocirine-   -a    tlie   >n]>ero„io:])k.a    aja]    to 


lamt  hmiself  m  little  naire  tlam   liare  attirnaitinn-  of  content 

i  reraier-   an   exposition  of  In^   \ae\\->  pecnliarlv  ditlicnit.  n-t 

r  n  a , ,   . .  1 ;   t . . ,  *    . .  1  -      r        .^  ■  ■  , ,        .         . .  .' 


on:\'   !-r 


hini^elf  hnt   al-^   km  the  critic.      Mnt   he  did   not   laanam   trae  a-   la. 
Siki-naakiv   Imiitations.   atal   a. 


i   con^eynence   we   ha\e  a   ratlaa-   fal 


,ai 


^■^i'"^'^^"^^   'h   some  pha>e>   of   hi>   phil<  o,  .t k]v.      ".rhi 
trm    ot  las  later  waatin-s.  wiana-.  t-  s,  a]:^-  ext^ait.  he 


s   ] ^   I airt aaa a 


r,  >t       i 


a"f  iia !   a;s; 

earlier   hnntatinns.      Ihu    tit   pre-ent   we   are  concerned   not   with   the 
Content,  htit  nnl\-  with  the  form  of  his  inanediacv. 

Jticohik  faith  naiy  he  i:i\\\K:n  '  Xatnral  haitli."  a-  distinoaiidied 
irom  Kant's  "  Rational  hktith.'  Jacolak  '  faith  '  i<  directed  t^^  a  cer- 
tain i:i\-en  actiialitxa  wliich  is  rexaaled  te»  us  imniediateha  Kant's 
'  laith  ■  Is  a  certaintv  -Tnunded  onl;c  m  mir  laaictical  nature.  T^) 
jacol)!.  reason  was  immediate  perccjaion  of  die  <iipersrnohkm  wdna,^ 
t'>  Kant  reason  was  no  inanediac\a  htit  einlv  a  hii^her  la-ocess  of 
mediation  than  the  tinkerstandinLT.  Ace  rkiniy  to  Kam.  the  'rea- 
son "  which  jacohi  ctaiceived  is  imp.esvi],]^^y  d^-)  Kant.  aK.,,  •  faiili  ' 
was  laat.  as  to  Jacohi.  the  assurance  of  the  |)resence  of  tiie  actnal 
ohject^,  hnt  only  the  belief  m  the  far-oii  actuality  01  the  <k)iects. 
Kant's  •  faith  '  is  a  faith  which  ari>es  in  Practical  Reagan,  and  as 
such  is  an  inference;  while  Jacoln  conceived  (d  faith  a-  a  f. aan  of 
immediacN-  in  wdncli  the  ohject^^  reveal  themselves  to  us  directha 
"  }-aith  is  the  adumbration  (,f  the  divine  kranvin^  and  wailim-  in  the 


F-oIkt.    (7c^e• 


•^    '^'^   ;'r:t?\,:    Philosof'::c.   Dd.    \' .  p.   jj-. 


46 


fi; 


■  ]}ir!t  "i  ]v.:\n 


V    t  »■ 


F' 


!  \ 


1    1 


iK':U;t    wa:' 


\] 


t  h, 


1    ]>ll] 


I.:. 


'  - '  C  i  R  I  X  L     U 


47 


>  ^{  i\  n 


l\Un\\  [ 


V        1  *»^   V 


ill-Ct/H' k-' i     1! 


1  n     t 


1- 


V    rxr 


i^iit  wah    lac 


1  >  I)  i 


nil! 


•  < '    hvu'iii    \\a' 


ae 


iiiatcnal    tnniislu'* 


1   l)x    f; 


ar 


1  i\i>'  u i    a ■ 


tia 


rr 


II <  III  out   (if    wnaai 
aial    lailh.    tluaa    \\ 


tta 


a<. 


;  I N    s 


1      T 


■   a    thrill   .a   1 
at;]]   ir-  C'li^tn 

a  ' '  i  U':^  t     I  M  n  '/(..a 


H/i  t.  t. 


I  I,    !   1  .  1 


caica  ( >r  iin.at.a"-ta!aii 


1 1 1 1"  1 


i'i  ■!Hniia  '   I 


a-t    '.[iua 


a  a 


U'   laali 


Stan* 
na>> 

standia 


ia.;iar\a; 


til 


c  la-xa'ia!  a  ;n' 


tiir  laa-^  '11,   1'  'V  "  UK    a 


'ii-a 


i   Ilia  raaxai  ar 
Sciaiuaa 


rt,;\a-ia' 


lU'ii,  a<  H'^  a 


H    I II  '>--!l  )k' 


I  a  a  V 


it  I  \    1 


all    ]\' 


il  ii      UK, 


f.: 


ua-i' 


)v   r 


I'.IL  i  U'' 


>a^    1 


a      nil 


[in   iin< 


t  fi- 


t  laf 


niind       init  K  r^taialir 


n/t; 


Ci  '!a,a' 


at     u  a,  ■ 


rca>'a 


I     1 


la  it 


M-a  :  It   !■-  wall  >.<.  i-ii 


(/  ^  I. .--  1 


)aia 


i  1  a;  t  'i  i 


','):  r   w 


filial  ex  <  ,--  M  c-^. 


II 


( 'i)irC 


i'a> 


!la,;ii.    ra 


iV 


liaii   111   niairr-^tanaiaa 


Me 


.1 1.1  i<  ■'■ 


n-a* 


1-.1, 


■<,'    !'(  aalu* 


-(     a  a  1 


\r^     {[](■ 


tin 


\    air   a  ' 


ai 


<         1 


Ci  >   >  \\a';  )■ 


the   a' 


i  1 : 1,;  I,  ■ 


i       '      u 


aa: 


laiti 


Ml   a 


ur   rx!  Mia  via; 


hi  I    !    U' 


a  la-aiia 


I  ^  a  r 


ia  tn<  a 


la  M  i  I 


a  -. 


I'll    nt 


1 1 


(air    i 


■va-  i' 


fdaa;  < 


f    vJaal 


\  ,  i 


1    a 


a-  la 


nW   (a   t  xuaaial  :-aii>iiHa  tiiaiL;'-.  tiu-  ixii 
•aanhar    lai-^iiu---^   <>!    tlu-    nialar^Kiiaiaa 


(:> 


cnii>iriial    nit't   tlia    \aira)i!s    -cunoa 


1 1 


a    riatiira- ;     tiiir*  a\ a   a 


1   aia 


li.  V 


ra     laa 


H.a-<aia->ihla    w 


<  I    [  a     !  1 


t     ( 


,1    M 


raa 


:n 


i  lla 


a;   liia  |iaciiaar   aiai   pro] 


>(]    'MM « a 


an 


1 1 1 1 1 '  .^  '■  I 


'M 


ai,'>   <  i(  ;a>   la  a    laa\a 


nan 


1  Tola 


w 


lai   a 


a 


iaa  a 


|ia--->i\a'   Iiinata'ii,   a   narr-aa   a^ 


r   \\  lala  saana^  t^  >  tiini! 


;ax  (hi  axi  >r 


\V    <\<  'V<    11< 


ra^-ard   liaaid   as   pa 


s>i\a' 


X 


(  <v 


••(  >   ills   a.-aliaiia   iiaaassaaia   ^luai 


\'ua\ 


tvaa-( 


■u,  ha  sa\ 


a 


I.  It 


■ill    a\  a 


A-am.  I 


u> )   (Iaa 


!       til! 


r!"( 


ai' 


:i ka:--    la'a ^'  >ii 


a  1 1    at 


t  •  \  ' 


faia: 


^    1 


»i'i  1  an 


ta  in   ral  lua"  thaa 


a    taa 


im.  iia 


as 


1 


'aiaa'i 
aaii\a-. 


I    1-    a!wa\  --    la  ijar 


i  ,\  a 


a.a  ^ 


\-    ia;a~--a 


a"-M'>  • 


:iaii   na  a: 


lla 


ail 


i  .^ ii  1 1  i t , 


la 


aii  nia 


aiH  a"a:]\a'  i  toc- 


la  iiaiai.  wiiian   !aa\a 


haaii  a-  ii 


a  1  r  I 


ti'   niiiai   as   a   waaaa.       1 


a  a\a'\  ar.    i 


-^  I 


rcaisan   ]ia>r-i\a 


I 


m      t 


a\'a 


A'    a; 


ava  ;  \  ( '   i  aaaa; 


aan. 


X 


ur  (ia>   svc   FaLiafa   li 


_ ' li   I 


.a   li 


iC 


aiaa   waaia 


a  >    L  '.J  i 


Ih 


3  I  i  [ 


1-p- 


')    1  i 


'  If' 


IV 


t ) .  J  a 


a .    a- 1 .' 


•  a,    !  -M    .a 
a,  a.   ji  I 


Cf.   ZirtaXiebl,  op.  cit. 


■46. 


\\'i!-K-,  /a  //„  j^ 


48-49.     Cf.  Jacobi,  I 


i? 


■ai 


T"i  V  > 


t 


raai 


aa 


la     L 


u  a 


a  I 


W  a 


1  (. 


\\"d\'   at    aa,   w 


KaM  1   t( '   r 


aula 


kT  tnai   t 


01 


;ijaa  aas 


'■  ■inaa 


aar  n 


a  aia-  i 


i!  a      »  ■[ )  I  aC 


tlU;   la 


atar 


.1  a>     s 


■I  II  St; 


a'  c 


r  \ 


aaa\- 


.<  a,ia. 


a;  irila 


(.  V. 


a  a 


)ia 


:iKaa«a!]si!)X 


a-  .a 


I  a)i 


acts  ai  11 


aLoDi  rvirdViivii  (jo 


!  v     I  i ;  (.1 1 


:>  V 


11 


lal 


I 


a  M 


ai     (■[)]i'ct 


t!la   iia 


aci  r,)]  as  a  la 


-a  ill 


llV     is 


ituallstic  r 


can 


1  vt 


I  ai  t 


rah. 


ilMa   Ik'  C  illCcixk'fl   (  j(  al   ta  ha  tl 


k-  iMtmitc  su])jact 


s  • :.  1 1  la 


i'  •  na\k' 


iaa 


raaiit\'  in 


inn.  and.   tliarcler 


ta   Fi: 


a\'   [)a  ai 


Wkai   la-Li'ar 


'  i  !,   ( 


■pirunali 


la.    aiaa: 


caiana;'  nun  a  r 


ai  Ilk 


^cn>a  ( 't  nai! 


h    il- 


'•        i  tiara    1-    r 
criaii>tic  raali:- 


u  ai  I  a 


rla 


T-  ' j  ^  >  t 


'-.  i       I  1  1  < 


w 


:h   tl 


ic    raali-t 


-a: 


n      a 


aav. 


aitni 


f    C' '11 


11-.! 


Ilia  >n 


i  !      ( 


t    ilia   iinuk'rsa;    f. -r   In-   1 


ic 


t  n  '■> 


I  at  i 


a. 


■^ .    i  ■' ' >. 


niatii 


ma   a  'laicai   ]  ,a 


UK'  final  na'anna' 


a   aa   a 


la   iniarprclation   \' 


iiicl]   l\: 


I  1  1  !  L' 


V  >aina  Waaler  !ai\a;s  ( 


i     iaC 


1  a  .  V  I '  a ; 


a,  a 


a '  "^1  1 


t^  >  Coma  sla 


.uv(aiac\' 


u;    >; 


r    a 


at  a  kn 


at       a 


a .    ,  a 


I    '   :  V.         I  I  :.  I   I, 


■  i  '  .at 


a, .   « a 


aiL-ii 


:o 


ckiaaiu    in 


Tl: 


'iC'  i  a  >  t  aiairi"  (,  xi  )•  ):^n 


it  'lis 


rca|)ta  .11.   w  ha 


i  V    I .  i: 


if  ST-T' 


an!   a  1 


iIk'  C(  »nuaiti(  .n 


<  a  mis 


Sliui\-  t; 


lu  a. 


'X-    w 


I  a  ( 


raa-' '11     m 


'i^ak;  ( a      laaanLT     a 


raa 


or 


t  I      1   V.   .-  I 


,1  ;i 


tha- 


una 


I 'AC 


[1  r 


hat.  whila 


at    t'T- 


:\n  al< 
if 


i  a  I  a  r 


iriii  m  rt asa>ij  <  ,r  tu 


.am 


CL^ai    cr 


ii  1  sai 


:iC'  '[11  as  pia 


L 1 1 


I'a 


tlial    1 


la  laua-  ciuik-  hi  think  na:aa'  hi\aaail)lv  of  hi' 


tkakallCa 


iuLiki    rac 


aam 


i  ai L    I  Ml 


men    lacohi 


una iar.stanr lino-  Pv   r 


eas«;n   n 


m      iimuaii.  than.  ( a  at 


icmptiik'-  1.1  ri,l  T) 


a  t 


t   aiallkaa 


[, 


arcikta 


.C'  M)l 


■(lar 


iiiia"  w  riiii^ 


at  ia'a>t.  1 


U  ;  ;  <.      I  l;a 


ai.  a\ 


u;oi^a    lla.'   (aiiact    ra 


1    o  a; 


\aa\N 


)k-ct,  ai 


as 


a  Ua  aa 


lU  ck-meiu, 


'ai  c^;lal( 


hall.    I> 


a 


i '  1.  i  I-    1 1 


a    aaT 


iv    cruka 


1   ilia 


la  o 


f    n 


inkL:-mam 


;s    a    si 


n[)]aCk-. 


>"cct  r 


ciata  >m — a 


\\ 


,  !i 


^c.  i-a; 


'  k\-   a   comnion-placa   m   cia>iai]]ol< 
•nparaiao    >ni)jact    and   ohiact   in   th 


Ik 


irik;r   aja-tianf; 


a   \aak-   In" 


■  L       MM 


•cess  o 


f 


a  i  I  a  - 
tha  « 


L 


1  aiia 


wa: 


KlK '\\a^_-(lL;;a    w 
•    ra^-arki;'!    as 


t  iahno 


i^    tila    Comi* 


t  T  M  i  • ;  r  1 


a   k'natarmoii    (,1    ti 


a    \' 


>  k  c  k 


iC'Ui'   wa>  (» 


1m  ah  ot  thcsa  forms  left  kniavlclov  1 
na  of  the  iir>t  t<,  sac.  tlaniHi  somcwl 


lancmi:  m 


Uk; 


aina 


at    kiir.wl 


cd^a^   Consists    of   ralataais    in 


ohkct   ara  gi\a;n   in  iV 

has   TIM    I 


lat  contnsad 
whicii    snhicc 


c  (aia 


ict  of  thmio'lii.     Sn.cl 


1  an  ar)isi( 


ua,  r   t 


)    a. 


:)/ 


•k    an 


answer   the   im| 


>''"kskke   (Ule^t^aIk    1- 


we 


a  fi  1 


ai 


'-  ^-f. 


)0. 


;a   /...;   f'hih 


-i^t^^c^ 


I 


"I 


4S 


;  i  !  F 


''^'■y  ■      So  Ion: 

'"•      ^^^^tt      "   11!      ill-     \)^\c\\>  M.  .-V 


n^v'stion  was 


-^'vu-  ^uiv  ihat 


i  nii.u:iui'iiV    OF   F.    H.    JXrOBI 

"^'■•^^^■^^^i^r}-.  plihMM^iMiv    n:a.!( 
it  wa-^  ]].)!   aM  a  t 
1  lu'    fact,    tilt 

^t  iim:^t  he  R-inniihcR.l  that  to  hmi  /V;./,.;./  ,v^.  .,a-    ,   f      '         r 
nifeivnco  and  clalna-ati. -n,  and  that,  aco  ..lin^.-h  '"/■  ..^.",.:  •/''""■ 
ar.   active   Innctinr..   .f   p,rapti.  n   and    ind.nam         ir;.',;^' 

''•?    ^::^^^>'    ^^^^^^    "the    ..hj.ct    I.    nnl    CoHMiun.d     I 

^'*"0'   if   ^vr  nivan   t!u;  tlion-hl 


,ir     e 


'  r  11--  ) )  \  ■  t  j  p ,  I  ] .  1 1 1 1  "  - 


die    nan\adiial  ;   hi'?    -h 


i>   nii.leadniL:  n    it   Ik,   ni.ant    that    xlw  ,,hi,vt 
indivKhial   contains    n^   ilva^ht    eleni.-n 

;'"^''^^^'^^^^^''^^^^^^   'd'H-ifi  i^'omMiniiiV'  .fad  th;.,. 

J^'i^?'      'I'at      kllMuirdL^,'     C.    IlM^t.     i, 


^•■v-   Clean \-   than 


-i^^'    -'afum  nt 
t    i-^ii'  wee'  .L^,.-    e  i|-    f  |]^ 

^-      *  '''    ^'^^'    c-ni;-arv,     hie.  hi 

f 


r   -ail-   i  1 


ni    a    ,^1 


1 


i-nii  I \v '( 'd' '■. •  ' ' 


'^  i''-u!jJLCt 


I "  ^n  a  !::yi\'en 


reiati'TL-^-that  m  e\-er\   act  .-t  „,„,.,  ,,    ,,..    ,. 

•^'n^Cl,    Wiacn    ohin-t    h-'^    ifs    tvi'r^'       .^5  ^       • 

n  iiiii  1.  ■■•>;'<(-  bbiuii   oi 

^  he  I iari    i  .f    I-|,^  j].; \    a     ., ,.,■,, 


^  na!ienL:-c>  the  Mrdin;M- 


■M-PI 

1     i 

Itnniortah 


■  \    ',  1, 


C\[V 


i\    ar 


'"■f    n'^na„.d;.r 

-     -^"^^^   ^^  ^'^^  '-^^^i'^^  :l-t   ^-';  and   1M-.  .e,,..   ..:.,:i 

,  -  ,  ^'"''^'    '^^    '-'''-''^    h^ivvpii,!,.      Kant    ha.l    '.t    ,]'/.. 

'd)jects  only  pn  ^hhanalical  m  thf  Knf^-  ,/■....,_      .-       ■•d",      ^^'^  ^^ 

"''>■'!•- -^tai.i.si,  ,iu-m  i„  ,iu  /■>.;/;.,,,;,,„  /•,, ,,,-,     ,,;;:  "'  ■■■'■ 

sa.istee  l..uvva^  ,!.u  .vlKU  oa„  I.  ,.„  ;Mi.n;,„ddndld,d;dd 
1-  a  tact  ,n  IVacncal  lea..,n:  an^l.  ,.,,,,,^  ,HM.ueold!  .^d, -.hd 

'd:';;r'd  "■"■  "'^"- -- -^^  .'---"••  i-.wi,a: ,..:.;. 

f  ■'^"':''^ ''-'V'''' ''"'''^ ''■'■■■•-■'-'■•---..  o.iM  I,,  dd,d:d 

"""a>cu,Kva.,u„u,MMan,i„Mhnr1,a,,.,..!ati,.n.     i  ev,a  d-  ad-^ 
OMiim-  t.>  >ro  thai  .tuhi  ■•  '  ''-<'.  ^  >.  a ,,,  . 


■'  il>ili!c  lua'CrpU'  i:i 


!i"'--t  iMt   I  ::'■,■  1,,    i',.,  !.; 
'    '""a.!   with  iiaa-i    fav-r  in...!: 
1"   \\ialin: 


1   a 


!;':i:a-  iiii' 


iHtt   alsci  reason,   1 

h^''':''-"-^'d'.''''''^'^''''""'"'''''^-0-ar-.lo:la,-iv:nh:.  .;.P,.ai   lattv 

''-^'■■•;V'  I-   o.iect.,1    wurk.,   w.   .n„l   a    n^  ,a    ,.• ad-  " 

ti-ii  I.I  hi>  .iMctnma  ■■'  i-'^-nia- 


Jac"t'n       1  he  in-<t   k  t^   furnis)]  ; 


[)r(-^o;rain  of  hfe  and  o  )ndnct.      ' 
theory  oi  life.      Xnt  that  theM    t 

'IhuL.  p.  ci. 


'  ''■"^'^^'"^-  h'an  .d  dfr.--.a  practical 
^^^*^'  "-'''  i^  ^>  d-ve  a  piiilM...pyiaal 
''■"  ^'"-^^   '^-^    '^^'  ^:-vn  t-.c^etlaa-.   f,  r 


/ 


THE   DOCTRINE   OF   IMMEDIACY. 


49 


It  IS  donhi  nd  n  lia  v  could  he  i-aa't  ai-ara 
effect  «.n  ]■],..  and  ii 
1^  ihA  the  e*ni\    wae.^   < 

h': 


1  iie^  aa'  aa,  \  iia'  -'  \   has  its 

^    ■  '■*    ^'^'^ '  'o'  ■   '  '^'^    ^' '   '='  ^^' ;   io^-   I'a"' :   ai   c^  'nia-ion 

i   h-idni-   them   t^a:eihrr.      i  d^   ii:\>iiciMn   and 


^■i'^"'^^-  ^^i   l:cai-lit  a-^  aliMract   led  1 


1  1  1  v;       ! 


■  .   <        I  '     ■         1   v.    I  I  J  I,  I 


]!riti<>-    iii 


1 1  i  i; 


wealth 


a.a.    hi 


<  '  rala-ia:  intnua-n  t-  tlu-  tad  li-ht  of  nnder>tandini-.  dien 
\'-'''h  '^  ^--'■^^'  ^va^  nit^nM-ly  individnahMic.  and  thi-  ht  did  la  a  u> 
^"''-■'>  -hade  -II  c\an  iii  iUk  laliM  haan  whicli  he  i:a\a;  t.  ^  it.  He 
^^^■\^'  ^"""'''  d^^i'e  free  han^eii  fn-ia  die  idea  that  to  htan-  r-a^.  n  to 
^-^''^'I'Mandii;--  \v-n:d   hr  Im  laace  it  anaai-  conditiMiivii 


! 


'Orca-,   ;aa' 


1,         1   ! 


!    ^i--.    ii'a\e\aia   jacohi    \\a-   n.  a    c<i]-ci-in 


1  'iia;  nai    t  ri  -ni 


hvncr    t(  ^    r.  :])    r 

'   "  ■    ■  !  ■ '  '  —  'i. •  V 1  .<i;  .IV I V,  1 ,      i  Ku    i  I i^ I   >o   1  ar  a^   Ce  wais 

'^''^''^''^'■'-  ^'>^  ^'''^  ^"^  :^^-q'ti"n,  hr  failed  t-  ^ri-  ila;^  nn-a.a>a;  eliar'actir 
e^j.    ihiau^n*.       j 

to   -1  naratr   tie 

!"l  *i.eia;   o!    t  a,    nia  ii  r->iandn>" '"       1  o    •  Id 

twioai  Science  and   t'lidoo^pln.  thda  la 

Troni    tai^aani,    i  nt    onix'    aaaii'    a    oua:a--ra    a'    oar    0;.,ii''-nt       la-* 

t  ^naa    ;  -   Lu  be  a  laii;  \-  ia  n  aai 

tions.      1  ait.  a-  w  i    latve  stm 


.    i  1  le 
1 


^honyla.   hat    .-iid.'    f  rt  ^ai    -ci^n 

■^ '^'^  t'  -.art  ui  oui"  life 

■f 


•  o;'  I  •!   iaia:-o;  1   -aw  i ^a-  nr.'<  — o  ■      ^^^-^A 
as,:    oiaai>ni.    lii.     ja^iiie    ll    e-l    le^^    and,    ie^S 


■■  1  a  n  a  I    in    i 


le. 


tiaia 


]a. 


■ .  ..    1 


na  a 


■;!.-]o  V 


^"^*'     oK-r    iiiaoi/i     Tracnv-'    .a    aia  a\ai  <  ;oi'    wiiKa: 


lie 


caa-     IrrilOLa     la 


ih   nia:    faith,   cannot    Ik- 


Ola caa^ait    I r-  ^na    i ait   are 


'VU"ht  r    i-rin-   .d   tlioa-hi.      A-    J  koal    >a 


"  11-v 


nnaa  i.  aa    waa  n    iran>n  aai'-"''    -     '""^ 


i^""-  i  o  ov  1  a  aei  aia  i 
eo  ll'  ii!r>e  nia^ner  !\'L:!i.a,-,  diiVw  f  •"!  lai 
^^'"^'d^^^-  '^  -^  nnpovMiile  ha"  an\-  one  to  oi^a""  In  other  wrariv.  the>r 
''•^'^'^"'--^  ^^^  !-rnw  -d  thoi-olii  cannot  \n.:  re^-arded  a-  liare  ininuwi- 
'--y-  '-  }<^^'"y^  w-a-  incdned  t-  w-ard  theiia  lake  ad  theaioht.  the\ 
'^^'*~'  •''  ■^■''  .^"i'  =  ^  prMdiua  .a  inini-diac}^  and  mediation,  and  a-  wicii 
'•''"■  -'^^^'M'J^'rr  .a  tile  saae  maiwiaaic  treatmeiti  ami  oroanmatima 
''  ^^'"i^  ^"^'''ndnu;  n-  .air  tlaai-lu  at  ad.  the>-  mimt  Milcmi  t-  media- 
^^'  -    -'    '^■'     '•■•■^■'-    ;ic"'    ''t    heino   talceii    int>-   tjiat    ilmmda       Tl]..    .,'..,.,- 


1    liie    nnmeidai(^    fviaaimada 


1  • 


nraaa    and    reiimoii 


1  aancma 


th<.--c    vXi 


nor    meaiata.n    entua-hc    tlien 


diev    daadd 


''    'r-'''  n-me]H-ndwit   of  all   de\^<d"pment   and   ediicatn^n.  tind   Aa,inid 
'''  ^'^^•^'"  '-'--   '-i-linct   from  the  outlet.   in>t   a<  the  >>])yn-m'm>  rd   h>- 


tnit','    io,ais   -awa   anu 


-na'    ■ 


■\wn  the  n])li(  idler-  (>i  tliat  doctrine  came 
'''''^"  '"  ^•^■-  '^"*^  ''^-  ^'^^^>"  and  completely  immediate  wonld  lu;  to 
^''-^■^'  ^'"  i"^--hitioii  uliatr\ar  to  the  .nher  piart-  (d  onr  ktiowled-e.  am: 
i\^^-rvi><r,-  n,,t  t.,  knowle.lp/  at  all.      It  i>  evident,  then,  that  what  he 

M'  m  the  fnl 


cianncd  to  Ik-  imnudiate  c^  ^nld  la  a  I 
term. 

'Wallace,   1  i.t    L'->gic  of  Hci:r:    p.    i^^. 


meaning  oi  the 


i  Hi 


I  :   ;   I  1     /"x 


(^ 


^'"''i  i  V    O]'    V     I  {.     J,\Ci  if; I. 


1 1    fac«  ':)i">  vw 


""^■.''     ^^  ^  "^    j'i'--iiHt„    at    an,    it    w.iui,]    r,-]- 
diT  -u//-.C(,,n.cinnoK.^>  irnj-^Mh].^      At  niM.t   lu:  ouiM   iiav.    ilvni^m 
'■^^nly  '.II  tlif  plane  <a  o  ,^^cu  ni^n,-^..      1-^  ^  pnu   ininu.iiacv  nuaii>  Unr' 
th.niirht  has  to   do  nuTvly   with   the  c-ntciit.  aii.i   3i..t   with   tlu-  ix-i- 
tion_of    the    coiitetit    in    tlie    ^elf.      Ihn    tliuu-ht    think.    it>elf.    and 
thi>  IS  what  we  mean  hy  >elf-ccm>ciouMK>s.      AH  thi.  wmild  he  vv~ 
possihle  li  pure  ininiechacv  were  the  form  ui  ihrnv^ln.      RelenMn  and 


It    WMiild    he   M 


IM;x 


morahty  would  never  kiK nv  themselves  as  micIi.  In 
in  the  depths  of  their  verv  richness  nf  cnntent.  '  Al!  tlii.  facohi  i... 
in  a  way;  and  only  m  m.  far  a^  he  '^,  ^i  h.^vraid  the  >tand]..int  nf 
Hiimediacy  did  1r-  lunnnlam  a  phii,.>,.plu  at  ail.  Hi.  Innitat.  n 
oaiM>ts  largely  in  tlie  faet  that  \w  never  aiUr.h  ..vereamr  thi.  vi.w 
-iK-ver  saw  the  true  relatinn>  .f  immediaev  and  mvdiatiun  m 
thou-ht.  He  accnrdin-lv  n:ad.  al-traeti-  ri.  ,,f  du;  tw,>  nu-iital 
prnce>^^es.  and  >eparaied  them  witi:.au  ev.r  ..un-  1; 
lurioameiital  reeoneiliatii  tii. 

jaetihi  s  -crxacv,  howr\a-r.  e.  ^n-io,! 


-temi^-  in. 


vva\'  lu  a  m*  Te 


']  -I 


ll'OMI]--   tllat    diCri-    !: 


an  lA-K 


>i]]i< 


I'll}'   iia<l   c-ncti\-ed 


<''■    m-iaiiet 


iiient   .if   imiiK-diacx-   in   tlr-n-iii.      liarlua- 
ihat    mediation    was    the    nid\    element    m    tli.ai-lu.       jy 
Si)inoza.  though  reo.-nizim:  unmediaev  a>  th.  >uirtin-pnmt  m  phi- 
loNd)liy.  made  no  turther  use  of  it,  except  at  tlio^.  f.  w  times  when  it 
clid    m.t    enter    into    h\.    >y>tem.      All    the    d-.^^matiu.    had    ix-arded 
thought  as  pui-ely   mediate,  and   theivtma-  ahsiraet.      [aenhi   sh.^wed 
that  there  was  an  element  ui  imniediacv  m  th. night,  and  that  th.nio-ht 
was  theren.re  concrete.      Hut   he  did  imt   .,,   the   full    sionihcance^f 
his    contnlnition.    and    therefore    did    n.  4     ..t    it     forth    adc.piatelv 
detimng  it  anistantly  in   it.  negative  relati.ni   to  mediatinn.      H,.<vl' 
however,  >aw  its  meaning,  and   i^r  the  luvt  time  m   modeni   phik).' 
-phy.  he  set   lorth  th.m-ln  in  it^   full  o  aicrelene.>.      Ihn   iIk-  .  lennau 
Jacr^hi  contrihuted  wa>  a  iieces^arv  i>ari  -f  the  -.ntln-. 


CIIAPd'I-  R     ]\\ 

JAC^drrs  Riyyhiyyi.  ur  !ii>  D^oeyRixi:  uv 


ACTLyXLhiA^ 


;   1 


-■^^  -  diligent,  and   -eiKral:}-   >\  mpatlii  tic.   :^tudeiu  'A   ]on]nriciMi:. 
J'^^-''-'i   -aw   clearl\-   tliat   it   tended 
called    \-ariou>l\-    ps\  ch<  ■loL^ieal 

^^■''"^'^'■-   n^'.thiAs  (,f   IhupiriciMU    iacoln  noxam  caAui   in  (;eeMion.       its 
strict  m<[ividuah>m  he  con>idered  the  =  nh  rAil^vf  (ijhical  o- •-iti'U  o.^v. 


^'•^■;--y   t''  an   ideaii-m.   vynch  is 

''"     >llhu.CtlVv;     idt^-ali^m.        Tlie     .;     ^,'S- 


Sihe 


^'T  e\-ery    tact,   ewny   truth,    in    ( a'der   to   lie   valid,   mu-i    lie 


'^^'^■^*^^''    ^'>'   the  experience  of  die  mdi\-'diiai.      Init    f  r(  on   i-k'   siand- 
P'-mt  oi   >ensati.,!ialism,  what   tlu-  indixKiiad   kumws  j.  ,  .nh    iiis  own 
-"-.^•■■^"'^^■''    -vaisaii-.io:   and    idea^.       Aaid.   a^    Hume    sa;.  .,   di.^.    arise 
IT'  ^m  unkut  iwn  causi  >." 

Accordingly,  the  pr<'hlem  which  pre-eiit-ol  itsHf  t- >  the  Sc-niioi 
^'-■'-'"'^  and  to  Kant,  and  which  i1h\'  did  non  fulh'  s,dve,  v.a-  die 
>ame  which  to  jacohi  aAo  -eemed  the  all-im])ortant  jn-.ihiem.  uamAxc 
^"  ^'^''^  -''ine  hasis  ir,Y  eair  s^aisatiims  and  ideas,  S' »  iliat  cnit  .A  tli.-i 
v.e  can  c^uistruct  a  world  etf  (Aiects.  stn>il)le  and  superseii-ihk,^.  p 
>li'nild  he  recalled  that  Jacohi  had  reached  the  formulation  ,.f  thiv 
prohlem  lar-eh-  frmu  his  stn<ly  .a  the  Scotti>h  School,  fur  p,.  ..-ems 
!<•  liave  keen  no  lov  aciptaintedi  with  Reid  tlian  with  Jlunie,  and: 
that  he  liad  the  outline  of  his  own  doctrine  formulated  some  vear^ 
]n:inrv  Kant  puhliHied  the  Krink  dcr  rcuicii   \\^niu}ij{  in   ijSi.' 

Jaco])!  reached  somewhat  the  same  conclusion  as  Reid.  namelv. 
that  the  exisunce  of  the  external  w-rld  caiuKn  lie  ]n-oved  hv  anv 
nnv  ot  reasoning  hased  u])on  seusati.ii.  hut  must  he  i^iveii  imnx- 
'hateiy  m  s^aisation.  if  at  all.  He  th^m-ht  he  found  an  irreseAad)le 
convicti-n  or  heluf,  which  attaches  te^  sen>atnqi  tl-u  tk-r,.  ;.  -i  r.-d 
extca-nal  w^rld  (if  o])ject-  which  is  the  cau<e  of  uur  -eiisatiriUs  and 
aha-.  He  held  that  this  helief  must  he  accepted  as  wed  f'.unded. 
^*'''  "'1')  thus  can  p-hilosupjiy  make  am  real  f/rogrcss, 
■started   at    alk      }|    dii<   i<  not    takui    fm- 


'  C"    ex'eil    ii'et 


i:rante<k  tiieii   an   f:ur 


.  <  i  e ,.  1 


I   the   In'ain,   w  it 


and    CMmiecta'US   are   illusiunN.   uun-e   Coh\\ad)s 

"^aiinit}"  111   lact.   and   hence  of  iiu   xailue  to  u^-  eitlier  \nr  lio- 


lO 


;  r      t  ,     r- 


j    'Ulil     'S(     !t    IjlW 


n-   unless   tjaiih   lu,    ]n\i   th. 


le  pix-eiitati(jn   oi   tiie  true, 
ilieii  ad   i-  ncti'  '11,  and  hence  delu-i^  ii. 

h   was  hecause  jac.U)i  ih-ugkt  dial   diL   Aritma]  Iduirwe,|A\    failol 
tonao,  t  ike  rkftKmlt\-^-d:d  la  a  i:\\r  a-urauce  ^  f  tkr  wr^idd  ^f  ^AkM^t. 

51 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.    JACOBI. 


'i  i  '^  ''  .<.-'l  I''  ;     !•  •     1  H, 


.  ^^''"  '•'   '    '-'"^  "  '"  "^  -■"•^>  ^^^  oppose  not  onlv  K.ntianism,  but  all 

j^'^"'^vr„      it   u-a.  oril;,   aih,  r 

ihe 


.  laKi 


;:ait  a  a' 111  11- 


1  ■  ] 


I  a 


;  („  ^  r 


'■''    ai.j'cn-ax    a.    n^^^     ^^.^., 
^'-a    waaiU'ii    laaa  r   {][,■    ^• 


:iii'i   M'a..;a:,    / 


-i   aaki:  Mib 
^^^^■^-   nr  t'-k  a.  br  i!a    laaair     i  iflml 
J  ^i^."'  ■;  'i  \\  a:-  ii  a  ' 
uai     \a!,a\  -■    in     i  h :  - 
t\^''    tT:la,aMa-    .^'     '^ 

'  ^T   'kn   iraiivaaiaK/mau  n    hi^al-Mi--  " 

'  -    =  .         I        (     I    .\ 

^i'H^   lih,-   ht-M    :.ia!    t 
cnikaMa:  •  ai  ila^  paiaaailar  -'•!.:. v^    -na   -   ;     •  '       ,1 

iia?lllr>    in:-    <  <\\a!    \  U,\\^-s, 

^'  '^  '■''  ^^^^^  ^^'^^-•'  ^^aaa  tlaii  v^vaaii  jaoMa  a  KcaH^i,. 

^   ^    -;'  ^'xiMrnaa  -aii^aa,   -k  ilaaiLrhi,  ma.  la-lat;^ 
nai-t  ])v  hr.  aiaia 


Kani  ain;>a'  ;     t:V:'i 

^  <^k'ar   (jrn   iiaaii-aai!<Ii 
L  ntcjiic'inic}!   dcs   K >-:t:,:iSUii:s.   ;aa    /  'a;- 


■  S 


<-    t    'L  '    I .  a,*! 

^  a    '  )',  ii  - 

•'.■arain?  :•  • 


^iM    \>,  laa:: 


i.-t 


liKit  ll:ta-: 

I  hi   111  I  r| 


li     !•'  :a  \aai 


i     \\  ::]{  A 


i  n I '  aia  a 


a- 


i '  i  i '  i '.  i  '^  i ,  1 ,  a  a  a  ■ ' ' 
'.  I'  ^v  !'■  :l  lia 
a/  -aw   ai   Hk    !■ 


I    '"^  I  <  1  i  :     .  , 


.'  a'>  I 


a-.r  laa  a'a,-  ; 


L'    1:3 

;.,,  a  , .,  a,.  1 
'•'  i''*  1'  kaa   a  a;-!   cnv.- 

^-a .  ■. . .   :       ,    . 


1      i     i  1  .  I 


fa'  ''^  "  •    ■  '•'.    a~a  vaioioo^aa!  I 
a, -a   1 


I 


'   ki  I    *  'Fa ]  I  ia r \    1 


'■  t 


:  a. a. 


I  > 


t'Xtrraa!  an<!  a; 
h  'Tia.  I  an.  a,- 
—  'i  II' -t  lnia!:\- 
^'''^^■■''    ^''   >-'^'   n!.a\ Kiiial    i-aa  -w  .  r   iia.-   w  -  a^I.'   i- 

'""•'"■'       i  nat    he   .ii.l    iM!    n-ar.i    In.-,,  ]{  ;, 

"'    "'"""^    '"     ^'•'''^•■'    ''^■■■>:^     a,  .nana;     kan.aaa-a         i  !„  ,,    i,,-,^-' 

^^'^   ^■'■'^=^"'>'^'    -1    Mikilion    lai-krh    lakr.    th.    h.ria    -a    .    .„,],..;, 
''^''^^':^'    '^'^'■^-   '^'''^   Ina-ant-.   at    tin...    v.aa    k.,.i]    an-i    M-rcliiaik-       ilr 
"•;^";  '^'-^^'^M   !..  Mv  tlK    kia!,raa  .a   liu^   Kr:rk  la   tliirairaa- 
11:-  :-  ackiii  i\\1a. im  k  |i\  a 


M  a  I  •  ^  I    ]  - 


. n  \  ( 'I  II'  i  la 


-^lUaxaMrt !   ill  ( !  i--at   \a,aan' 


^  -tna  [|i.a  aaaii>  l:'  i'<  laikx ,      "  [  i' 

*k"^  -J'  t\aa!l  ^  K  >'!/;;■  J,.^-  ;v;'a(a:  /  ■a;-/.;;;a^/  ;  a 
'  '^'''  '^'  1''V'^  '''''■'  Huaa'Tai,  t  arn  a  v-.  ,-k,!  .,,,..,  , 
J''^'  'ka   ■'       i  'lit  i.iriaa-   -a\  -   t  i?-a    l-w.  .l.'\   . 


thr  \>  a..h 


11;,!,    If 


n ' naai a.a;  k ( 


■i:< 
T  1 


>*  ',  t  'M  a  a 


•  *^      aaaui-!      1! 


a       -.1 


1 


-,  ! 


<i'*:-iracr    raiaMiaHMa,    ank 

»'••-'     tiitaaali,'     --i  .1  ircc     « > *"     '•,  -a     1  1-.  ,,  ^ 
1  Jam-     rrnairkv  ;    '•  [t     ,,„     ,a,     ,.  ^  ,.,, 
^^r^!    t-    -laa\-    thr    ("Mil 


?*■■''■*"'        fit 


I 


'a      jaaoDi     i!:;, 

the    doctiaar    .a 


■  -   ..k-  .laale 

'■  .^.-a..     aad 

^k'  nraai     as 

same    spirit 

■a    was    the 

^^''^■.    i'\     the 


r ,'  1 
i   i   ■ 


'/'--a     I.    ;  J. 
'  Zl  my  !(,:!■!      /, 


'     >"   /<■.:-    Dichten   und  Dcnkcn,  p.   iv. 
a^a:   ^:      \'oI.    I.    p.    226. 


\il 


JACOBFS    REALISM. 


53 


■  i  , . 


solution  of  which  mainK 
i^A    ariticism   of    iaaa: 

first  to  sec  tliai  liu  iaannaa 
^-'-'  't  k^  ■a:k  a^  a  afkrai  tia/  ilii' 
of  the  kka^'kna:-  k"  a^  a  ••--  - 
not  a  doprairaa  i  a:  a  naa:r.a 
''''*■■    ^'>'^ki     fri  kkkk         k'aa  .1.;     ^a 

t::ar.   iht  ■,  . 


laiilosophy  ha-^  akaa^kak  beyond 


^^•-!^'    kaM;ktT    save    taai!     laa 


wa-    t!k.. 


a  1  a !  ■  ■.- 1  M  i  a'  \     w 


f  ' ' ' 


!    1  1         !    t 


aai-ak 


aa.;aa-'k.    kiKl 
i  ki,aua.;  aaa-A  ,-  kk    la.  ai":^!k 


kvCl    -I    iu 


kv  1  c'l  i  a'i.  ■ , 


1 


;a  I  h    wan  1 


■•'-''aak,-.    naca>>ar\'    aiiui   wan 


iikil    Kaanaak-; 
!a :.  a-  ail  ( ^k 'rc 


'  kk'k"   a  k''< !  ■ ' 


.'i  r. 


a.    aia^    aia    ^kiktak\a. 
y,    a  ■• '.    kk'-l    !)(/   nk'iak 
^'^'^"'Mak   hai    a.    i-^  .  ^nla   an    ia^a 
1  ik-  we  must  ?a\   >  a^ik  Lnn,:-k,--,-  , ,],,,.,,,        i.,„  i;    .  _ 

^'    ^L.^ac/  t/,,k'  -W.k/    iv   ifio   :-t,in(lk(  .1111   al    Uia  >kk]v.CU\a 


a^-  ki    saiaa  kk': 
^'kijixkixa;.      \\a.   tlkal;   .  a    uuaa]   a- 

!    i-'^kLaaaak,;/.   la  a   nau,    t.xuaaakkxa 
1 


i'leali^t.      Tl^^- 


■-   a   kaa\aa-vai   alwki 


k  'V  k    ka 


1  •   1 


■ki'   :-aka 


' ' '  '    > ■  ' I .^  : i    a .  1    k  1  kiaw    ari-    ^-ani 
a  a  kk  V  a  '^a  ai  ik  at/-,  a  it--  \\\  a  -  \  - 


ii 


ka.ka  k  aa 


a  i;    a    a  1 


:i    all 


^^  'ai  1  a_  ak>'  ^kka  -kkit'ak\ai\a^ 


'^''^^    va.;\v>   <:d   ihe    Laatkkk    i 'ikk^^nphx^    waa"..     f.  a-'-^-^'  k^ 

after   readini:-   the   f^r^t   pfk*;   ..    ,.;,],      /ak.    ,     >  /~ 

'  ■    '    ^ '"-■-'   '-    tki     /a  ////a   (/c/-   ;ak//ck/    /  irminft, 


and  W( 


iki  Mkkt  k    1 


kf        M'k 


aaka  ak 


secor,'' 

1 1 


ac-ki    kkaiklk    t!ie 


ak'  ^la  ])ta;a\  ak  ihai  ila-  la-faki- 
^^''   ^''    ^-^  '^^'^   ^Tkuakki:-  .a    Kail!  :  ana   a.  laake 


'  'ail'  '11    w  a-    k:  ^1    an    iaaa''  a«  \>-"  a'     h'k    1 --a    k^  .    ^k-  • 

'.'■''"    '■■-'''^-^■;   kk    ia-aal    haaa   .  a'   KaiuV   koctriiir.   aiai   kiat    \h,^ 

'':!•: ''^^  ■■  I^^^-;---^  ■'  -i    kkatk-k-  whicn   Kant  akkak  a,  iha  .^.v  rai 

f    '   '  ■  1   1  (    a»  1       \  1  ■  •  ;  ^-       •  .  ,    1      ■  -a .        ,  ,  ,  1  , 

•• ' '    "    '■'  ••     '--.'  .i     i  i '  a  1  ku;  ^\>k,.  Ik. 
ti"ii    Wk-   aaikk 

''""  ''''■■"  ^-kkkk.  lu-akkak  ku  ;kaHkkiix  .  ai  iIk^  Critical  Khij.  ..'.'^'C 
":  ^'^"'  "-~'-^^'-  '"'^-^^'^  -1  '^^^  '-^--^  //aak-  aKa-  Jaa  (ka/a/ak:  ^  Ikit 
'''"    -^f '-^    nirni^lkK    ilu    knaai    McaaH^.i    .^f   ku    rafikati-n    i^    n^.t 

K'-''  ''aia/   ■•'  kkkded.      Tla/   ^^aia-a:^    i-   ii..i-kk-   kr  i'.,i-    ,      a 

^j  k  .  .  •'    ■       -"---'^     ki-kkat    k)    ha\a;    !aall 

"^'■^^■■";;^'''-^''y^  '^'  '-^■-  Aa;//Ak  n^aakiv  that  ky  (harvc  ank   IKKrrK 

'•  ^'^  I    i\. a  11   shf  -  \\  !(;  n  ;:i  t    t  Ml    .  .ik   .t .  I. ,,,..  a,a         .  i_  .  , 


a  klik' 


''■  ^^    i  '  arkaka,   nor    -u    ht  \  ^  .nk.    ku- 


1. 1 


i<  ,n(  i 


'^    ^■^ai:-;ki!k\  .    aiik    kkit 


i, .   a-i , ■  .  1     ,.,.1,1 
!  i<i  \  V    I  a'  \  <  '1  a ;   i  iia t 


^'';--  ^''^^  ^"  kr-.ia;k  t-  ha\a  aax  ..ajraiiva-  vakki 
^'^-'''  ]'''"^<--k  Ivan  a\  it  aaa  k^  hf  aatki  \\  i  aiaia  .^-.i-na 
^'^'"■'•^^'^    ^"    '^^--   .^.r:.  jao'ia   a.ki/ la  wana]   mn.  .akina,   aan   iiien 


paaik 
'  aia.  a  w:  .rds, 
■  -  a  a  a ,  .  V    ' .  h  1  • 


t ' 


aa.     Ik 


I  arr  .  qk  \   -iiakows 


a'.       !  , 

if       IfM 


k   attempts  to 


T       - 


^1  ci>jj  ii:;ikkik'  at  na.k! 
do  so.  it  kaaiM'-  \\  Ian  ; 
no  moresiiccevM"a;  ih;ai   !liaa<-  ni\  ^na w-h.,.,,  ,a,,.  ."'.air,'"  T'^^   ^"'"^ 

I  D/<7  Philosophic  scit  Kant,  p.  94. 

^Geschichte  der  ncucrcn  Philosophic.  Bd.  V,  p.  217. 
^Ibid.,  pp.  221-222. 
*Cf.  II,  pp.  291-2. 

«CA  Paulsen,  Immamicl  Kant,  Eng.  trans.,  pp.  2^2  ff 
^11,  pp.   16-17. 
''Ibid.,  pp.  21,  36. 


Tnr    PynLOSOPHY   OF    i 


I     \! 


'ui.;i. 


i'^ects,    ;u- 


=-  K 


•  '  j  •  I 


1 


iT'tlniiL:-    Inn     idea,-;.       Th, 


:.  1   I    i    I 


hv  \\:iu'\  aui  ima,  ••,, 


•i»lr.  . 


'( >r  .  ^hirai 


■    '\:!at.    .•„!::    |-,e 

i'  *  •  >n]vci]\"v  Ti  ahl  \ 
tiicFai!  aa\   ahaiif  ;<  ai>   tlii, 
'.'fs]\'Ct>  (  iu<ific  11-  inakiiii;" 

-^■^■-  -n!)^  plun^MiK-ua.  aia!.  a>  lAwwnuvun.  nvv  -mix    ni   i-v,"      v.  ,.-' 
aiixilia;-    i)c    kiiMwn    alnan    tran-^cna h/utai    mIm.-cix.      T],,.    j.p.^^ 
Ivva-^nii.   at  Ik-^i.  are  hm   pi-MMniiatical.  aiai  .k"pc;n.|   irinrd. 
ih->i:i:in,  and  can  never  he  ihe  -hjeci-  nf  experience.^ 

^^t    the    Kantian    p!nl.  ^s,  ,ph;.    cannot    L;el    Marieh    uiiiiM--:    .Jhcc^^ 

^''^^"':^''-  ^^^^'  ^^■"^^--  ^-'  ^..■nMhihiy  ha.  a  nuanm^-  <  nh.,    ^i  n  ha-"ruv 
t<->    ('hieCi^/ 


in 


■n  <  au" 


-  ''^^''  ''*^    >'d>  ■^   the    \\  am   ( -i  a    vi  ai 
.i^rcatly  in   >tH(lyinL^-   Kant.  f.  r 

'''^'nh::ui    the    prcMippMsiti,.]! 


<'h]t/ct    i]-onhie«i    hin' 


e\l-t, 

^n••\\     iheir 
hat  tlic   (-epn-icai 


(etJjects 


'    '^'1*'      thi-      a-.     .   lilt,;     ,)t      Pi.      ,j,^^        |.:i..;.y^    .,    . 

P'^^i^-^'^!!  <'l'  "hjecN  Mia  cmuM  ij'  I  u:Irr  'h<^ 
'^^V'*^^'^;'  ^>''^^''^^-  '^^'l  Willi  that  prrMipp.MuiMn  CMihh  n^  ^:  r '-aa  ai  ^  i'-^ 
'^■'  ^"^'^^  ^"'^n'h  iii'ver  kn-a.  anxthin-  ah-au  -iiucm  i  i"  Pa  ^  ••■'""■*" 
^-'^^■^'-'^'h  tran-ccaalental  .Pjecl-  lea-  CMuhf  ue  ev.'i  ' 
^'^■-i'^"^^-  tM  actual  MhjecK  Ml"  experuaice. 

^^'^^^■^^   ^^^'  '^^'-'^  ^^^''^^''J  ^^^^ve  in   reahtv   thi.  ^hpctive  hein^-  ' ".Knamj 
on  our  nnaLrinataan  uhich  i.  a  hhnP  p^wer   aanin^  P,e  K-Krv  an<] 

^^•"  :^^'^''\/  ^^'^"  ;^"'^^^-^^'''^-^'-  tluai.  ]Ki>  n>  Mhj.ctive  valiPuv.  iMr  u  P 

i'«  t  m  re cPitx'  reler  t'l  an\  tliiii"  ]  nt  ,  Mr    .1-       t     i-  ■"     •    , 

^     '^''.^  ^'''".--  '-^'i  Mai-.,Me-.       h.veii  prnicip  e-;    tiHui 

^i:ch    a>    Sulhcient    Rea-ai,    ha\e    i 

"■'''^^-   ^''-^    '^'^':-    '"    refe'-ence    to   pheUMUiena]    .Piect^. 

^   ''■'  '^''-    -''^''^-'Hii  :  that   n-.  .Pj^vt-  are  reah;.    ^na-ce  n-.   la  ^t 

1  i  -^  n  i  e  i       [  M     '  '^'  i\'  ern      n! '  i" 

P''<'''  ''*■*•■.  ant  ]   ]a!\  e  re  .  <  A)](,  .•;  i , 
^'^.  uaar  anh   ]]]\  -i  ical   lueanna 

^''•^■"^'    '''•'■'5    ttiken    tM    i-apP-    a    re;h    .Pier''a\an.        '-'--^      ■ 

i''-^'  ■•-^  p-:-   \^'^■re  true.  Ii-  e,\   i".  aiih  p 

'  '-^'■■h'"   "'    !"   iaaain:-e  ai   expJainina'  iPeii 
''^'  p;i--iM  .      Put    t]n:>   ;-  ,  ^nh.-   ! 
riiatajhir   that   cau^atiLiii 


5'UainnLt'    in    rtac'-t/nce    Im   r.'-h 


reduci 

'■'^ai]    tile    law-    which    we    CMn-i.ht- 

^  *''.P'vP-  aial  !aw-  arc    ah  -uihe 

^  ^  •  'T'  i',    I  nell 


>U[ 


wj-  na\a 
am; 


I     u  ■'.      i  ;et  r 


'i  ,|  >  ! '  1  ;,  ,1 


1  - 1 1  ,,  t 


1 ;    thwa  f>  a"e 


.'  '  -f!  UP  in  LI. 

^^  vahpit\.  ' 
iMr  thev 
!\aia  atn 

. .    . . .  I  .^  . 

■  P  c<^  to 

I'  a'   wr 


K    '  a    I 


transccndcntaL 


•'  ■    a  -^99- 

'  Ibid,  afi,    e  I ;  -_•. 

""Ibid.  ]K  302. 

*  Ibid.  ]>.    303. 

!*■'■■  i  f    .^  :  - 

'/6u/.  a,   ;,o6. 

^  Ibid.,  p.  308. 

JO/fe:c/.  ap.  308-9. 


/ 


( 


w 


\ 


JAC0BP:5    RPALl^AP 


wtti'Uacai  luih;  rstnnrhu^^   r>^'\^  n 


i  le:  e 


Mtcii  aa<  no  apphca 

<^    \^ ! i«  'ii.*  a ii'aa -tic   -\>t:'': 


anu  net  >  i  \\ 

^^''^^  tr^  tia.-   w<aaP  ^f  exiaaaeiate. 

falK  t'  ^  tile  i^a'i  ana:. ' 

.Kic^Pi  hkewi>e  niainttuneh,  tliat  P« -t-Kantiaiu^ni  i-  e(a.!aii\'  -^h)- 
Jietive.  ana  that,  in  met.  the  haiPiPeahMu  <a  Kant  hiap'p-  iM-wal 
y"';n''^^n-n  -nP-  m  j-ichte.  Put  hdtcheP  nu>take  i^  in  takni--  the 
' -^  '  '^"  ^'^^"  '"■^>'  ^^al  in  tile  •  Kiaa-1  "  rehitaai.  1ln^  i-  tlie  ic^-ical 
^'  -^'"^''-  ^I'^wever.  fnr  a  Kantian,  tiaai-h  it  i^  a  mi-take  t^  take  anie 
^^^  ''''■  *'^''^h  ^'-■'*^-  ''^■'^^■'^  ^^^^'  hWM  are  i:a\en  tn-'ether  m  uweparahle 
i^niMU.  They  inu^t  h^th  he  real  together.-  Put  witli  -icii  >uhiectivc 
aicaiaan  there  can  he  ne)tliini;  real  <an>i.!e  u-.  and  there  can  titereP  r 


e 


>e  la  ' 


e,i] 


nity  iMr  >uch  a  la ai-exi-teut.      SeriMliihtxa  whicli 


1    ^ei  -\\[i,    DC 


>ucii  a  mediunp  htis  nei  incaniiu;.  A-^aiust  ^ich  >u])iccti\a;  iPeaiwna 
Jacuhi  Mppn-ed  real  nhjectivitxa  laPiiii-  that  thuna-  are  actually 
present  Mui-ide  u>.  and  that  we  kiaav  them  with  immediate  Certamtxa 
}}^^'y   hq)end  rm  um  pnuP.  Ian  <  ,n   faith,  and  faith  camaa  he  urMVed. 

'''^'  ^"^'aaim\  of  -uch  -Pject-  can  he  i:iven  miPx'  ])\-  ;ni  immeditue 
rex-eiati-m  and  not  ])\-  ideti  ;  for  m  the  latter  caM.-  we  wiadd  he  certain 
<'iii>-  •  I  tile  idea,  auil  umi  ,,{  tji,-  .Jy^-ct.  And  this  w^auld  he  onlv 
ideali-m.  la  A  retihsm.'' 

We    thti>    see    thtit    Jacnhi    did    tmt    re-tird    tlam-ht    a^    the    muc 
lundamental     'leterminati-ai    of    all    lieiuL:    and    (p    ah     truth.       All 

i-amht   i-  tm   indi\adiial  chanicteristic.      All   kn(>wiedn-<-  ^w\n:n 


tl 


I 


KUip'.  aiai  there  m  nm  svlf-CMU-ciMia-nes-  wluax'  tlieri 
.  c.  wlu  re  there  i- 


, .  ,a  1 , , , .  1 


n.  •  mduacuah       1  he  indnadual 


C-    (Ul 


■ei  1 -iieuma 


iie    tei.        i\ete 


S(     'U 


hut   the  manife-tatiMU  id  that   wliich  ahaai^ 


■    exi-t-.'      \\1a/re 


iimtw  real  nahviuua'it},  cea^e^.  tlaaa-  all  exisieitce  cvii^': 


:  ana  waaai 


aa -eiit    a>   an    in«a\aPual    tiiat    which   i 


!  '"  ^'*^  *»■"  "■ ' •  1 1 :' .1  \  i< . lui i  lieti  wiiiiii  1-  nei  uaiwa'aam  wc  are 
-^'nr^.'.lucu)^  -iir  nwai  unit)  into  a  t-aa-i  tm'-re -Ate.  dda  individutil 
^"^  '^''^   '"^-ak      .And   'Ahe   mdi\asihP    in  am.'  lamii^  deteruaue-  u-  iudi- 


1  ■ 


'''naut\.  ( 'V  laaixe-  it  a,  real  w  la  A- 


•  ana  aP  iia'-r,;  ut/iuy--  wMosc  maia 


i'  ^e  ;     We;     -e  (/ 


n-ai)ar;m!\'   tmited   m   ti   iimt\a  and   which   wa-  cnn 


dwtinpau-h    acc-rduu:    t'*    thi-    unitm    tir^ 


ma\ 

ta--s. 


a  H    iiait   tiU:   i^rmcii  ee  >  i 


cauep    mawaPuti;-. 

t     P    f    '   '    '-  1    1   t  T    1    t     '    •  l-,    -  .  ,    ,  ,   -,  ,  i 


,  1.  1  • 


vxaPeut    tnat 


<  1 1  '     Ml    -. 


M  ■  a  ^  *     \  \  ■  •  J 


(  I  a-  e ^  i  1,  a 

thr     tW 


hut    hf. 


WWs     f. 


\ka-« 


-tteu    ia. 


11'''    aistmcta^'U    iK/twa-eu 


.      i  H  :  I       \\  i  it   I  f  a  I. 


-•   a 


e  did.    t   IS  to 


'  II,  p.  309. 

2C/,  Pfleiderrr,   op.  cit.,  Vol.   1 

^Cf.  K.  FPAuT.  op.  cit.,  Pe,  \ 
*  Cf.  Zirngiebl,  op.  cit.,  pp.  2-3. 
^  II,  p.   209. 


--■£■,      ~-^J,     --O- 


-.  Op.  cit.,  p.  631, 


I  I 


56 


THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF    F.    H.    JACOBI. 


life  :-  till    fininatiitiitaL  while  thought  is  but  a  reflection  of  that  life 

whicli    -   *i:r   primari    real.     The  l:\aiaa    U'l'iyiz  "-   primary,   and  pos- 
sesses tla..    ih<  a^-iit,   wha/h   ian^'!-  !-    LuaJa  1-  a  .\  (.a'/a^  '  '"    " 


-^  /  //  /;  {  K 


i'Liure 


It    laii 


t  ^  .      K. 


.ai-a5,;uaa!niiina:'    ^  ■iir  1 
(.-i-v'    It    W'  aa< !    ma  rr    in/    a 

;na  I     a  a'     it  --I'i  i .    (■;--!.■     1  [     w  ^  i 


a    r. .    an 


!  ■  ,r. 


■   i!    aan   ai    ibanHtt 
>':aa    aa;    aaa'/alual 


1 


la'il    ahaaar    1  h  1 


.  1  i<  aari  ,    iw  a 
n         1 1    Pin-.! 


•  Ill  1-,  ^  1 


iM 


!.'     tnai     aia. 


i  i !,     a  a :  I     a  '    i  a  - 
(.  at'^a    ]  -  .^^  '^r    ai 


!     -IraiM 


aia-r   ilir.  aii^ii    u.   ( .r   r\  v 


C'  '!i:-aa  al-^IU' 


1 


^    a|']>(,a!"    a^    a  a-      .Aiai 

1 


.  ^  I    .  1  ~'    i  ■-    a  a,  a    - . )    :  s 
-'  iNM^  AX  !(■■. 'lTv,       1  hr  lalivr  1-  a!\\ai\,-  a   I'unatii  :]  -i   the 
< 'riaaaa      "  iatr   aia!   I'-i'-aa  ai-ar—   aia-   I'lia.      Tlir   in-'hi  ' 


.;  La  '/i' 


aa'.itrr    •naahir    ana    aa;arr 


a 


.\'i:vy    I  u,iaa.']  iia  n     rxi  aa-:---(.  s 


ca  .n-ca  ai-Hi---    (k-])i.  ni  a-    >  >i\    1 1\:. 

pca'captr  ai-    nintrd    in    a- 'n-ca  ai:>au- 

at    UK'   --aaia    iiaar   >(  inaihina^   rxtriaai!    aatl   ^1 'aiu  iliiiiL^^   inti  aaia!.    h^ah 

HI  rrhila'T!  l< .  raali  cnm-.      inaa'x    1  ua'aai  .t  i- ai  1-  C' ■aaM/(  ati  la'v    ai   it-:lt 

'i  C'^ua^ia.      .\>  llu;  acia^n.   -;  ^  ihf  riauai-Mi.      It"   iri-    piw-.r  <  a'  la,  la  a. - 

ihl:  naipia.  :-ai  an  is  sc)  iiiaaifin'  aa«:  a-aa'!*'*!'  Iii-a   aa  a'a'ri'^:a(.  ,.■]■.. ^ 

^i^^'"    111    a-Mi^ta  annr--,    tin  a    tluaa'    ari-i^    ai^aa^    lia;    ai;i  >rr^-a ''i    rl:,- 


n    11 


;ai   \\a    aaa   [\ra-na  w  hai  \\a    c:.]]    \\:r>^-n."^ 


\\  <  ^rd.       1  \\kVv  appaar-  w 

J-'^^'-*'  ^■"■-■^  ^='''.  "!  c-K!'-.  ,  a  (.a\i-~  laah-t  < 'V  aaitnaaini,  lait   ralhu- 

;i    (iiiaii^t    waih    a    -^lariiualiMa-    iiiiJnia}.  \\v    ra-^arard    daact^    a^ 
rial.   1)111   ia  a    -■ »  raal  a-   -i  aril  - 

arc  llu   tin]i>  of  In-  (iuan^aia  but  -pnai  aial  ^^biaci-. 

tin     iiUaraal    bili  niiinata  ^n    <a    -Imfu.    ana  a-    -ucli    Lilna 

>1''^"-'^-      li    1:-   till,    ach\ai\    '.'t    -lara.      p    n  ipt,-   iliin^Mr   th-,^ 


U   a-  !!'  a    |]]'  ai-iit   and   tlana:-   wlaali 


)iit 


'I  T 


■^    '  I.  ■ ;  I  a 


wniii-   ihr    lii'.nL-ia    i 


*tH    '  'K''    I '!    in--    aatiiai  u-^,      "  \\  laa    n    I 


'^'^'h'ii    '-  -a-^aaaa   JHtax'      Ai!    ni^dnna,   al:    a    -had. 

traca  <a    aianal   imina.    W'V^    \\.  <\    I'.aaa    in'-t    a;!'.a/n   t^^   n    ila 

>tanai.  .  iln^'aiatli  a   w-'vl^]  •  >\   -nara-;  Pa:   w  r  lii.i   -tar;    fr- ■" 


i,  a 


,  n 


V  i  i  V       a  t  ;  !  V 


si!)p)nci:a  '  a    a  !r,       1  nta"i  i-  -rt 


\a  n   t  n^ 


dananai-    a    -pirn    whadi    -iaai    malt 
I.^< 'fd   and    Kinp  -a    \iu_      And   ?' 
heinaa   n   ;■ 


•A 


thna 


n  ,'  •  \  I.  .    ,in  u    I )  I  aa    !  ■  a  ^■' !  a  'a  --■  ^  a 

t    - ., .       ,"    .  a  1      ,     .  .  ■  11       r 

^'••'^ !  ^   < '  1    an    -}  -,  < 'a  >.    a  a    a .  1   01 

'^'^''  ;^'"^  ^nl«^   a  e^a  thn-^^A>\    n-tlnna  " -•A\'.aid:   n   tlun   hr 

i"  du-n   u    s-   nnPa,  d.   n    nam   di    naalicd   dn'^ 
w!*:n'\<>'  1  i •  ■:  V.   - 1 1 , a •   V.  -a!ti    n.t!      ,a,-,.   ■■•       a"n. 


;  >    i  i  1  n.    a .  a  i  n  ;  a  n  - 1  K.    1  a  a 
'  '1    unit  V .      \  s/t    f  ;,(■,  Al   da 


"^1  i;  TMt 


'an  -ome  real 

:'(  ai;-m,  tp^n, 
=a:\-    ]a-inanA 


. <a  t .( »M 


tin\   ilhanu^ia-a;.  ang  wat} ,  luii  at  nn^-  cwn 
^  Cp  W'lat.  op.  cit.,  p.  46. 

^/fctti.,  f^    j'tn     fa    WHilc.  o/^.  c//.,  p.  47. 

MP  iM.,   nn    .. 


la  ■!  n.!a(     I 
-vCUii   Ir 


'\  I 


aa  I  ]'":'  '^  0" 


JACOBTS   REALISM. 

I 

|)endent  reality,     d-  other  times,  however,  he  made  it  less  real  than 
spirit ;  and  it  was  alwavs  to  him  less  important. 

It  nui-i  be  biaaa'  ni   nnrai   tb.n    fac^bi   A   n.  a    -laki-'C"  a  basis  for 
knowledg-e.  but   f.  r  bAi-.      It   is  not  so  itutali   kn.^uKAge  as  being 

that  needs  to  be  exaiaiaa^d  da-  l-^^nb-.---  -  -.Uv^-.  P^-'  ---^  -..m^-'v 
'-'  -■''■  ''-'  pdritnal  bvdn-.  it  i-  isninp,  inn-tma.-.  tliat  d^atlara;^ 
^'"^d^^'-'-^"'  •'•  Idinp  n  t-  lam  tiir  -n.-  n;\ -tcri-nn  fa,ot .--nbr  -in-  fact 
^^''  <.tidra\'<  r-  •'•  nndvr-taiab  It-  ridati'Mi  t.  daa.iL:!ii  i- 
prub.iin.  n  a'  lu-  alwaiia-  a>-nn:a-  din  nhinailv'  idrnin\ 
Ideas  ^xi-t  -nip  in  tlu-  rnnid  *a  a,  a\anp  la-inp.  "  h.  i-  in--  •  nna^  .:t 
the  ><nM.  -  to  racai\a-  and  tra,n:-nat  innin-vxin-  d^  *  ^--.no^u,  , 
^''"'''''''  Wh^Tv  (join  tbi<  acciintuiation  ,A  in:pra--io]:v  iicctu'' 
Xial  what  wnnld  1)0  acc<  nnpAsli,.A  widi  >nch  a  imra  ticcnnnnatia.n - 
'^''^d-  rabitinn,  ara  //d'/;/^-  aa//a. a^//,aac  which  pra>nj)])^->M;  a  livinir 
lump  tnat  can  !/i7/:'(aA'  lacnw  ilia  ni:inii(Al  into  it 
bAr  Inna  ibcn.  raabt\-  d<  n.--  ra  a,  -n 
^p''"'^>-      IK'pCi    paw-   bini    credit    f' c 

current  c- rkapiiiai  that  tba  idiimatr  n  '  nd^Mancrd  1^'  tria  nt 
piiatr  ciauajaion  ibat  tbc  nltimatt^  i-  '  >piritd- 


ita  aaaait 


a  u  ■ 


T  H 


\\  n    nna\a 


itniab    ladnnp   in   rAdct 


"1 


■;-l 


ba\-nip    w=  adxrd    frn-    id--  •]]}    tin.' 


jac«  Ai   nKi\-  ba  larnu-d  : 


I  ]'>\cb(  A-'i::ical  reab-t  ;  d -r  wbal  iia  f^nnd 


ni  ji-vcla.lo-p-  ba  took  as  mal  and  trna.  tnid  as  bavinar  not  i,u]v  .nb- 
jrctiva  ])nt  also  (Ajnctiva  validity.  He  no  niara  cpu-tiaaKA  it-  ob- 
jiClivc  \aiidity  tlian  lie  di<l  its  -nbjactivad  In  ])crcc|)tir»n  ha  tlaai-bi 
\va  ba\a-  b'.di   tlm   idrti  and   tlu-  obicct.      ""In   tba  br-i   au'i 


s  1 1  ro  1 


a .  .•  f 


b'---^A>tin]  tbna-  iini-t  ba  tlu-  '  I  '  and  iba  Abond  inma-  con-.dnn- 
-^^-^  ;na'  axtnrnal  object  axi-tinp  tooatla,;r  ni  tba  soni  :  bopt  iit  tint' 
snnc  naiivi-ibln  nionuni.  wiilaau  biAorc  -r  aiiaia  watiaati  an\-  -n,:r- 
''^-'^'  ••'  ^'^'~'   ttndrr-tandinp.  na\a  e\aai  watlaait  m  \hr  Ai-'bti-t  r^ 


t '( 


IH 


■'"'1  nn 


tba  ]»ri)dnciain  ot   ip^^,  ^n,  .M^vnt   ^  ■{  can-r  .an 


en  eat, 


aT 


;e   -trani   be   -a\ 


i',K.    i .ei_ a;e'i  i   1 1 au-i,   wia  !  ni 


*   I  1  , 


'  A 


I    I 

1 


'-  '''^  -en-e-  unbeaitatinL;!}  aaceja-  exitaaad  .Aire:-,  a- Voider- 
''^^>  ''~  '-^^^  -'lU-nKil  cin!\nai.-n.  and  caanaa  linn:-:  mpirni-r 
'•'^■'■-  -'^■''  -1'^'^'  ^'J'-^  fundanteniid  experience^  all  -nr  -^ ^.-cnkiti^  v;  a- 
'■•  an  .a:t^r  wi  rid  inn-t  re-t. — box^-  Pia]]  o-Pi  a  decidtA  rr;da^t  nimic 
**'"  ^^^^■''^-  iriinnpb  wlneb  be  ojaann  In-  nrtain-r  -a'  t  xternai  LA'.,'at:. 


as  01  on-iuare  mdenendent  of  jii.  ,^vvn  idsat 


a  -le 


la'!  s 


h. 


inn-  ra:   w  ;a'-^^    ■-' 


a,  a 


>\n  ni< 


'^  ai ;     Vi'-^i  .     eXCi 

1 


t  an    '  ■  o  T 


uni-o  tnenisci\a. -. 


-•>«.>       .  _.i.eL5   »Lc^ii'.    .i.'v.v.   avaciiUiN    aaaeUi 


e    i I i 1 ii , 


^  II,   pp.   271-2. 
""IVerke,  Bd.  X\  il 
'11,  p.  141. 
*  Ibid.,  p.   176. 


1 '.' 


THE    PHTT.OSOPHY   OF   F 

i 


H.   JACOBI. 


[,.  ,.1. 

^^^^'  ^'■'''■''  thai)  !■.  \rla';  ■ 
''.  I  Hen.  Uh. 


I  \\  ' 


hh 


v-i  >K   a  more  appropn- 


.u 


0;,       \\  . 


'r->t 


i- *■  *  •  ■ ' i  1  u I L  i !  ■ ; ] -  ! ) \  I n  1 !  1  \  1 1  h ' a  ■  ; !  '^ ; t ; .  a « ' 
f'y  that  ilh.n^-ha  T?.ai^la"  .-nh'^ 
!ini-«t  C'  a;  a  aa: 

^"^^'^  p*'Mi"aa   ha-  [<.  hna   ih^w^M    \^  a! 
farical    -ahir* 
if  (,'\aa'  ri-rv. 


' '  \\a  a'a   ' !   f^ ' '  h  i  i       .      i  ' 


t"'  ■- a-;  a  i  1 1  t'i  I   n^  "i n \^  •  •  -T  i r  ^    ' 
■-   ''■-  <^xaM,i.  ia.a-  a-   in    ]a-.  .\'ed 

''''  ''.  a   ini.  !rr>taial  ij] 


iua\  -   the  fli-ai-lit   . .{  tlic 


\  ia\\ 


- 1.  a  f  i  it]" 


t!K-rci'nrc.  diialistic.  uxuw  a^  -im-i- 


'^■^^^''^■^   i'\^^-n.^h^-'!cal.  aial   hat    .,,..., 

.  ,:^.  ^         .  '*^    '  '^^'^■'i^•      111-  t!i.m-lit  rvraaiia;.! 

nniali   a-   realistic.      (  )l)H'Ct>   st-|.i,i   ,,-,.. 
a^amM   .iii>a,-ts:  and   thnn^h   tha   .m.^-ct    i^    <.f  rh  . 

■  ■    '  "  '  I  *■  V  I       I  >      ()I      till'      <>!(•', tf-r      i-nr.,    t- 

'''""■■''  '^'  '■'■"'""■'-'-^- ■'  •">>-^^-n!^.-nM., In. .iMo-Mn  a  ^^^^^     v  h-i- 

'>    laa    rt.)  uiiiM     «■  a    the   i-Uu^r*    -a^    t-.  r   .-  i  , 


a>[)(/ai  < 


a.,-  (ai. 


''■   tia-u-!]:<  M. 


1      ■     ,  .  "•  '^'-'^  '■'^■'^'  '^  ''vrnavlaaa-  in  hi.  writna'.  rh,  /.^t,, 

^''^■'^:^'^:"^^^^^'i*^-'*-^^>^^^nainr.  1.  .nh    nnii..  ana  th-.   .^p-  ' 


^^'  a  -maiar  \\a\ 


i !  ;i  'a  «,■ 


mcr. 


i  I    n    .,.,, 


•''^■■->'  '  ■  1  lu    rata"".'  ^r*...  ,  ,f  .a.    !  '..,  1   ..  . 

'^    ''''  '"^  ■  ^'    '  i'.  aaaanaita 


H   ij  j  s 


t       tl 


(.■  I M )  h-^a . 


1  lu-    law 


r    Ua 


I  '.  ■     ( 


fun    a>    fir-i    ..f  a^'   (aacr--it.-.t; 

ti.ira  -aa         ..      1        ■  ,  ''^    '     ^'"'    ^''Unfai   (ainiaa   ha 

^^  ''"^    J'-   nataar  aafin-i   hi-  in   ah'a. 

/  -'■''■'!".  ~^    1 1  i    hai'  a\  !(.■<  aa* '. 

i-'  ''ai '(  I'lrncr. 
•   ^iict  1   a -•    !\ ca a*  \ 


.innaaiiM-,   •  a-   w  lua 
'^^■?!\-  il'aa   ilh/ia.    a* 

'■J    f^'   an\-   hnnwai'hi 


'  r  1  (  '  r » •      ■  -  ■ .  n 


hcaia-'  in 


i  i\.jaaa, 
*  '  ^-  '•'•'='  ,  ^  a  1 !  ^  a  a 
At]   ,;    ar'.  -•■ 


ai"'  I  a 


ti    I 


!h' 


n I a(  "ar  ■; ! a t  !  j '  f  a 
i    t'ah'aaa 

\'l  these,  he  says,  ha\. 

le  thill'. 


He  ^etaii^  tn  a'a-.-t.' 


■A    ( 


)  , 

I    ;  i 


'■''  -  hose  "  .  '•}],'■ 


,   :   !   !   ' 


It    1-  ni-k'ni 


•  ih."  a lu-a  hi;  i-i  .];:•];••!  '.  •  -a I  ta,^ ,,.,  , 


■''_aa:"  ;\'r  \'aaha  \ ,  ' 

'  ''-  ■;''  aa^v.iLULa\' 

-  a,  1 ;    :  at '  ni(^a   <''A 


aiifi  niuM   hi;  at  tho  h)aM- 


!     1  I 


(fhv   1 


Till 


tliai  jaa^  ■] a 


r      t 


a  -  •   .  a .       ' 

' "  ^    i  i  i :  ,•-  r  a  a  i  I  a  a   i  a  1 1  ■  ^"  -- 


'*'-  ha\a-a   a!  a   i^ra  axarha'r  t'a 
''hav.  1  h'  a;ah    a  -   ^\  r  ^ 

■ '  i'  a;|  irl !'  it  ;a     i  a     ;a  i 

r  '  '  '      .it'      a  5  ....       1        ' 

auo  ca 


»:,•'.  r  -,  .-n.   a.  a    !i 


arop- 

aaiaiu 


M         I    [  .( 


-  ( 


riaa  *  .r  nit 


'  l\.    ai..    ,r,5-6. 


^  ■•  .  a-nac. 


• '  a  /  a  i  ■  a  a  t  a  a 


•  ctaau-  [n^  i'CLpiiuii. 


2  / 


•   ...   aa-  -08-9. 

'  t.  ;,    Kiain.  op.  cit.    j>.   128. 

III'.,      . ,      ,       ^  ■    , .    , 


op.  Cit.,  pp.  163  ff. 
'^    ^        t-    1^5      ha  Jacobi,  II,  pp.  213-215. 


JACOBI'S   REALISM. 


59 


Again,  ''the  a  priori  concept^  r<  ^t   as  oa^a mii.-  ^n  1.,,^    1    , 
j      ,,     .  ^  ^    i  ^-  as  ^Lntia..   ,.ji  Knowledge,  upon 

,    .     ..    ,      ',       ;     ■■ iv^'. elation.  ■     It  would  thus  ap- 


h.Aiaa 


a,  r  na\a. 


'-  '^-  '^'    ---i^a;  .1  r<  ai  a,a\-ana 


■   '  ^ '"    '"   /  '  -  '^    a^i  ^   ' '  t   ani 'W  ia<  i: 


!a 


vWWjjUI 


ai   l\a!':   ai 


\  '   M     .  \'^  ■   '  - 


''''  ''■  ah  K]u  avieaL;^!-.  raaau  r  tlian  a 


^-'-.-•'  '^hiaal!  !^  aaii'jHaiaiau  -a  axi-iTiuHa'. 


haia  I  .t  ,  ,ar  kw  >\v 


! 


waiat I  \ 


I  h  !  -I'la  1 


"'^'h   "^'    ^^a;    unna;i-ail    dcnuan.    hiu    iii-^t    a^ 


''^'^^■'■/;!-"  li-^  I.an,a,lar.=  Th.  unnar^a!  pri^ci,;..  a-a.  ,,  ^  ,.,, 
"'''■'■'^■'"  '"'""'■'  "*  ""'"  tii-'-.an.  u.  which  tvcrv  particui-.r  i;,.  , ,. 
I'!-:^:i:mu   ;mi..   o-ninm,   i„  ,,r,Kr  t. ,  h.  lakm   hit.,  th.  uan,..-'^  ,  '• 

^i-K...        in(_v   ,iU'  n.a.  howvvda  nuaaix    -ah- 


t   r- 


jaai'va 

lhi'a-<  hx- 
nor    .,.,.     :a 


^\■hiah   ilu;  .  ih> 


i,a.a  1  \'f. 


raahiy  ninvi   c^^ui.^rn].  hut   ar 


la-a  i  i  \ 


H  ilrCll  Vi 


ana 


th(-;f    a  aaa:.  an-  a! 


at-  jac<  aa   saw   waiai    Jxaiu   aa, 
1 


-I  (  1 ) 


^■i^hi.  .    .  c  ..:,_,    [u-  laa,. -^a 


h^hhua'.   5;xuaaKh 


.      "v 


a  a  a  ^  T-  ?  a 


aa-" 


.,1 


:  a- 


tnr>e   principles,   aaA    hah    ^aih    hi; 


a'aa  aiai  [i,aioc;  can  iaixa-  no  mean- 

Hh!'\i    \ailiditv   of 


5  .rn  ]  t. 

•    ♦  a 


'h,^   ,  a; 


I 


;  1 


'ha  la.    laka'i  -i  v    ' ' '"sh  ,t^^    ,-.{ 

hra-   >ahii'ai  ;\x.-   \aila  ii'  \ .    nvr'' 
1  1     _,  ' 


con- 


a  ^a;r  nauaa. 


h"xir  iiah  iliiTi 


-  anion 


'^ '  '^  --v    i  aanc^ 


^j.. 


hh;'ect:   Ixani    hah    ahn-!aa;h 
^h!rr.  a  liat:,  haa-^  ]>  aa  .  hu;  -lah 
incr  tn  thcni  ;  iaa    far-  .^i   .aw  hia 
oi  subject  and  object  a-   ha    aa 
HMi-^t  be  both  suhhrhir  and  objective.' 

This  sho\'.  ^   a-.,   llaa.   ha    aa^'-r,^   '  ^    !-■    -;••   .  oi:  -ri 

.     .  '  "■-   '..t,...(    .,  j.:,.a,..  raahsni.     The  obiect 

IS  just  as  real  as  the  subject  ai   hw  aa-- a  ,  vw '-h f  .a.  •    r 

vidual.     The  objact  na:   well  as   thr   whht, 
these  principle  \ahhli  laih-  ha 

that   is,   that    \\haa]    ha-    !.a!i    aihaaiaa 

which  is  both  li-.-aaiu   ana  bun-       h:haa-^    iratl:  ^^  hai 

of  the  true;  e\a  i-\  c-aK-mt-ton  nt  f-u— "<-  -  ,^  '       ..1 

-  '       ■'    ^  nwi..^..,   ^ii-'ii  ia^odness.  a 

tion  of  the  beautihh  aa  '  ha    o-Qod       \'    '  ..Th-    a-   •    -    •.• 

-  ■  '"'    ^^^•aci.     .\,...  Mia;    ai  auaition  caai  these 

be    known.      \\ha-xwr    :.    o-iven     '-      ,-.a;    ..      ., 

conception    laa-h-    h-'h    -r,  ,.-.    ,.,,a.     a;       ;       ^ 

'-'ii:    L.iiix    i!fr     f..?'    fi,^    '-a\''=i    hah    ah,' 'w-    a 


1'  (^■■■^■f.       f  hi    la  a 
aa  I     !  ^ ^: :  ( ^T-i •  -a 


hearer  of 

ha;  aanial, 

h.  aax;,    laat 

hiaa;ati{-:^n 

thr  redec- 


-h    nra    tyt^.^,   ,,^j   iiituuion    ( 


demonstration   \.ha 
but  little  to  him. 

The  real,  then,  is  -a.,  wi   n.  t.  'v.^ni-inT^   r  h.  ,.  a  .1 

"       h     •'    r   '^^puou   KhiMW    taaa   ai  thoucrht  or  in 


lu-   a/a-   laaa! 


hhiaa,.    auaiiit 
a   a  !-!■]-  •^•hhi  6 


f  ;  f  ■:  > 


anation. 


7,  ^x.u        Wl  ill 

■  -"^^P^io^^  -   taa.  h.aaii.^  a   ahw;.  h.aii  thou^rht  and 


*  11,  pp.  213-215. 

^Ibid.,  pp.  304-5.     Kuhn,  op.  cit.,  p.  167. 
^  Ibid.,  pp.   306-7. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  300;  also  pp.  215-7. 
5  Kuhn,  op.  cit.,  p.   168. 

*'II,  p.   178. 


!  Mi  T 


T.OSOPHY    OF   F.    H.    JACOBI. 


win  0 : 1    []: 


'"■-    ^hvrc    is    nachr.:    throno-li 


'■'    ^nini  rvtan-ln-r 


ui-iijiiiiy    a    reality 
II  V    of    invH''''  I  1' !-  t-, 


ih.  CI :  \-H  V  •  t 


.    i  i  : 


'    lad  only 


rc-a>.:n    i  raith  »    a<  a    i^^rui  ..f  p.-jv  ^' ^ 

1 1  i") 


Ln\aai 


1  „ 


■■'''■■  "^    "•■' i*-   t.\u; a  laa   :m  ii -^f  ■ 


M  a  .1 


.    ;  aril 


,  '    ^  !    Kt. .  , )    ]i  u  a    aait,  i    *  > as cr      ■  •."-,.?ii..,-    < ,-.  ,,, 

i        ^  ■^"'-      '"^■■'■^  ■"   <-"^o-i>Mi,.v.  an,!  ,.;n>c.uv  !rn:l,   ;nv   .,^.,„    :., 

kiiiw  this  Acliillrs-^  lu.( '  '     -  '      -'■  "    '' 


■(1  ( 


T'i>a  aia i  that  a 


I'll  aa 


ar  ^ai'  a\ 


1  phn. 
^  u^i^a-  nicaa.'l\-  i(k'a<       T'u.r,'    th,.,!    i  \  ■     .       , 

'')i3r  ;^aa  •wK  (!''"(■  is  im'm-,>  <-   -    ^,"  '  '  '  -■""' 

^it"s<.  ana   all  ran-  aU-a^.   "  I  " 


:n), 


t   1, 


'^^  ^■^*  Chan-.  -  ■  a  a^  -n-ai-  ai^- 

T  i  r  t '  ]       ?■!(■,! 


H]  point  .  a  cxi-tiaicr.  a  .nh^.^-r. 


.    aia    ir 


■  <  1  a « ■  ■> 


-'^'  ^''^-*^.  'nal   i.  a  ctaaami^    -a    !,..i! 
^^^■■^^'^■.       I  !k'  tn-st    i^  aliMn-p.  an-l  \]u^  'af- 


W'l  \    a  i  i^i  ^i  n  U;  a  a.n ; !  ( \ 


1 1 


V I 


1 


'''•'■nia'   ia'aia\    m 


nil  1   -non  at ' \a^ 
•^•aiarad   to 

raiM/raaKa^v 


'    ^■'"    ■''■•'    '■^^^'  ^  ^-   ^c<i^*    outside   haa 


tha   sanu-   in!li\asil,K.   nionnin.'       T' 

tlun.  tlu'  ]...](]  p,a|)  fr.nn  ilu^  Mihnnnatv   -a    jja^  ..k! 

t'lai   a 
a'    iiaa. 


-i  ■^ 


■n   a^  lua 


o!    aac'C' 


'^--'■"-;  wniah  tmo-  iianh  -  ,n'\  ni 
P^'V  which  finP-  tfiat  ?•>«  To'h  a,  ; 
("'Hr  and   tilt. 


a-  t-aa 


M    ;  n    1  ai'i    a ;  i< '    *  ■  '■ 


-anic   thai: 


ra a?  \- 


t  !%     . 1  -      t 


h-=t 


•''^■'''   '• '  *hai    laoiliii    whn-n   ,-.  ...a,;,,        o,  ,  ^ 

^■^■">'  'J'1   ^n.'  ..IK-   f<u.a   .a   |M,aavi>t:,  ..^ 

'■'^^  ^viihc  Jacca  axoai.A  vu-  ...,- 
"'^^^   •''  ^'i'-'  ^"'  ■■na  -p' -nPrnci    .  a   *  m- 
^^■'■■^~^'   -    a.-.aiai  tak,-  arcdaa"  -k-^   t,,  a,  ., 
'■''-  ' .  ht    aiih  h<  )Wf\aa-    f;k'  nv 


^n i  a n ■  ■ ;  \  a  v 


r  <  a   -■ 


\i. ' 


,   a 


11'  »v\  ledge  cnn- 

^'^^    (P;   pyocess 
'  '■'  (hi  i)uhj!~ 


k  k    ri  a  a- 


<  air    Ixhi  >\\  '■■■' 


(  [ 


i  { ■  ( 


wkaa    w'r 


mt^ '  thf  PpncM]? 


J  i  •.  (  1 


'   M  f-'aaia  10  den^ 


hiciai '. 


-.1 


'    '^■■•tP'  aaitc  n    n  ia=;P    ' 


1 


'  c  a'a  t  a  n  o  a  1 
rn ts-ta,  ^.^    , 


''•■-■    i  c  u    linn 

'■  ■  ^^^"^    '■'''  ^'  i"-ka^'  anc  r'\-,-n  the 

^■crcnfh-   a-ariked  to  it.      k^  ,;■■    J^ 

n:  na    ideas  ar^  Pnaed  bv  t!' 


:i 


ICC  and  ui 


'  -   a  1   a  u  a  a  :  i .  n .  i ! ;  i " 

";'    ]y/^-    cobwebs   of   the   brain.      Pmoic    sucl 
'^'-  •'  ^   ^<-v>  and  all  prmciples  both  of  ^clen-  -^.' 
'  n,  p.  263. 

2  /ti'J.,  p.  23,2. 

3  Ibid.,  p.   58. 
<  rP   K'jhn.  op.  cit.,  p.  62. 


^  ^h  pp.    1 74-; 


J-WuiPP^   REALISM. 


■,  -1  '1, 


pbilosoplu   na-vt   v-  ^ .p  ■  -.,.a 

ni^,  v.-hP^h    -=.   >...,   a.,.    '  '"    "  "y^'^:'    ^'-^^'^o^^es  .a  tP.    aaP.n-and- 

"^      ^^    T'"-  -''^'^'  ^^'^^  '^^^■'-  to  aac.ni.  nai^t  be 


Ul    \    t 


^aPtn   :  = 


h  c  I  a  i  n , 


1 


a 


h'a-    Uana 


^'■'•^   ar  was  ia.aa.r 


1 


'!]!■■      ,   .?  a.  .»-         .  ,    .!.  1      .• 


*  ^  '  '        *  >  '  -  i.  a  o     s ;  i 

'^'■"^"^■-^'  ^^^^•■^^■■-  ana  ^n,xi    <  causPi; 


'^   '''■     'cnicnax-    Pitaw.i  ,  k'  t-   r    ^ 

-^-'•tnci    ari^niniait    a-'k^vt    ^a      w     ,-  '    ^'■ 

'"  ■*'^-      jacohi   wished   u,  Pih^.  ,n, ,  ,     .  '--'^^    -^    ^'--^ 


,  •    ,  -     ■  a !.;  s     t  o     i :  <  r  h  ♦      - ;  f      - 1  a 

^^coPi  wish-.p  t,,  lako  Pa a  '    ■  '""^    "^    "■*' 

.a>  ,      a-  A               --^^  i  h    ^ii.  .u    taa  m^uliKWYxv  -P  ti 

i  '  tii  M  J  a  I   till,    sanit '  t  t^  ■■ , 

'  ■ ''aa/  j   ta //a//  / / 

Crpo,^]    a-  '■•     ■ 


Pea-  , 


ihe  aic 
^''■-  HwiMvP  that   w.-  '--.^ 
'^'^^'^''P'  a   vaPP   .aa<an   v, 


'  '^  I 's  1 1,  n  c  ]  t  s  (  o 


•  I.'  a.van- 
kc  APa//p 


la 


-'  ■ka.;r.      As  XV.  a-(].s  r 


^o>  I  a  a  n  -•   >  f 


.V  O  1  :i.  *a  ■•- 


■a  r 


r  s  Ki'\'   (;r-]^~ 


est    <  111    C 


\\  (/ 


u>ru.a|aa  ^v. 


K  (  i  a  '  ('  s 


(/si 


'-i^--   Ihr   caitar   ..I-   V:,, 
'   .  ]  ■ 
i  vii'..  a  sn  1  a  ft  ■    ?  ki  t,  •    •.-      i     » » 

'• '  ^  .  u  ii  o,  J .  a  r.  k(  it  n  '  .pt  -  ^ ' 


-(  . 


SC(/:  jo 


1 


'■    '--^  •    H---a!-otA  ha 
J  a  t ;  \  ■  {.  •  ra  a  s  ■  I  n    \  \  1 1 . 


''k  w  la  t  spi  a\a;!|  pi 
^A iaai   a r< '    -i ' ; .  .t-., -, .    a .     1 

'■'-^  c-  laa'atiMn  lir  ^a 

1 


•' ' '^' ^''aaa-rn   ami 

I    r 

'  ''■'  C'  -aaatMak/P  iPciae.  and 

o^,.    t..,,   WW      -    •     - 

'"^   "  -'•■    .^^  M-saia  ot  sni.  ca- 


n- 


■k--.   tiU' 


■  ^  n  i    a  n  i '    m  ■>.  ^ 


that   Pnaa-a 


:.nk   'ti. 


i  '..(..,  1;  : 


in 


a.! a-  ai: 
naitt  --■ 


t  '•. 


'1, 


u    oa-   -ni-M.-waP 
'am-ia    nawt    linP    n 
■'^"  '  1    no  PinP   ( 
"■'•""■'  '■'  - '   -'  '■   +-,-H .  ka  o 


o-    1  'Iliy    pu^^n]i^;    |  AP 

■'    h(^   '^eciiis   ti,   ]j,w, 


1I    I  !  1 
'i   "   '. 


V  fill-.'  ,     ,     ■! 

'^^'''^     eaaianata  n     u]     ^..-rat,,., 
a;can-!n   kni    s^a^ 


hat 


ai  a  u.'t>a  w 


a- 

wa\ 


aa/aiwaa   \' 
h^--'^-^^---    i'    r   a    nhP.^MwAv;    P  r 


f  I 


.1  ^- 


tanks 


■  1        -.  M  ■ 


01      Ih'.: 


cg-0.       Acc.  aA in- P' 


f 'ca 


lawAvaP. 


"  n  a 


o  a 


; 


<  a  a  ■ ' ; 


11      >  O   I 


^•''■^tancr,   wkatpi  c;ai  1 


an   an aw 


:  .  V.  t 


He  f 


en  n a \  i, •  :  1  ■  > 


■  '  '  i   ;   ,  i 


'a  aciicd  unl 
3 


artia 


t  Mt   -,  t 


'     o  1  .  i .  c' . 

a-  lacaa-kv  r>]i  T^n'^a,  ,], 


i  I 


aahsni,  '  Pa  aaii    tic 


1  I 


i  iiaa 


'■■^    ^     n.w;    ivant 

-*■■   >on;eil]na'    wko^p   k- 
a    kni^wn""  * 


ivaiiL    111    nw        Ki^ 

line  of  nr'aina  o' 

He  nnPw-M-.A   Pa^  tra,,    ;■ 

knowing    anP    tiw    lacniw 

the  percei\aPir.  ranoai  t.r 

prccnpposna  w 

the  true  is  nothino-p'^^ 

opposes    an    A^a-AuiAy    .ubj.ctiw    doctrin..    a    c 

^n,  pp.  218-9. 

=  HI,  p.  9. 
^Ibid.,  p.  II. 
'  /^-"^v  p.  32. 


n.'..   aip.ss 

^aat'  wa. 

>apjie  aiai 

vclv.  and 

at;  line  as 


'o    t ;  > ,  c 


o"    \ar\\a 
cPaa   to 


5 


=  M!a.a,-j)tc  w    'aa.-n [Eposes 

AAOses  the  true;  it  ;.  Pa,    PaaPw  "uf  ihe 

'•^■;,    '^   ;"^-^^^"   ^ylnch   due.   not    pia'.nppose 

'        - '  'inwini:La  w  i:  ;aa  waiich 


i 


62 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBI. 


though  some  seem  lo  be  satisfied   (and  here  he  refers  especially  to 

--■         >t  r.n-x  tilt    name  of  objects  remains./ 

.  ^^  'V  ^^  '^'  "'^  ''-'  ji -obi's  real  strength  appears,  and  he  has 
devoted  especia!  car.  i  .  an  examination  of  Kaiu'^  Krltlh,  To  Kant, 
>pace  and  Time  aia  n  •  consciously  in  ih,  nnia!  without  or  before 
all  objects;  and,  nur.a  a.,  .n  Ins  ou  a  iheorv  ;iav  are  not  mere 
^"'^r  "^  I'Haiiaaa  Ian  a^r  intuitions -a^     >-;,  h  ,,,,  „,  priori  kv  w  .  a  tanc 

«a.^    fxan^t   sniaus^r--   '•-   imDn<;^ihlf>     ?".,'■   •'    .  =  ■    .a  i   i  •    ■ 

'  '  "iii;i_»si,iuR .   n  •,    ,1    \\  ^..aiiii   ht    f-aia^    ana   a'anov- 


^^'■*'''    "■'•  ntaa.-a-    Wv:    xww^    we    know    nlaa:  n-' 
„  1 


ha  tin,-  {/  py [:■}-'  n-'H'  ••  \..  ■, ., 
*^"<i' ''i'  ■'  iu/  K''  a'Kaaxa''  I  ;„  -  an  (  a'; 
^!'-^"'^'  ''^aa  1-  nni]i;n7;i!7f.  fa^ 
I"^'"^-''!^    natma-,    hm    mm!\    m;'-. 

J     '  '  ■ 

(/   /a-/'  t/   ^.pac,-.   !Mn!.!    na;:- 
\\\^''-  a-  ^jaua    i-  an  a7'a,  l)- 


.•-  \:    i 


Iv 


anl  an   a  a'a .   a n'  i   ] ; i-nne 


"1 


'    : . .  I 


a   ainas  or  mncnpt^,     Tik   d  priori 
■'   ~7''^*^'"'  v.a!li  n^.  -7«a-als,  no  cor- 

Kant  s 


•a.  I  a ' 


i  n  i.,   :  1 


^^■''aiu    ^■.t7ali   !ia 


lit'   c<  -nu  ni.  * 


.at    taiii  f n    i  ^! 


ir 


can 


na\a/   i: 


^  ' ' '  • '  a   (  \  1 1,  1  n .  i  1  ( ni 


r  (,  a 


\^■Uli  ilaan  ihi-  fnialua^ 


t!K-  /\  a:/7a  an\ 

tlia    '  -ni\     n! 
^an^ih^!t^■.■■     i'.  .\h  r 
^^'n>a>ial_^     i.  a'    i;k7i 

^nn-I! )n;t^■  n^i  !    iu  .t 

T" ! )  a.  aa  ~- . 

— '-■^^aaa'    ai'|K,  aranca 

ia-..b7/a:     '     '     ■  ■ 


i ' ' '  '  1 . ;..,  a    i  i 


lia'ii    n;. 


s  <  ■  a 


a  ;icc 
ailed 


I '  I  ( 


a  i  I  n  , . 


^\  <  a'  i>  tlh'  vi.  •  \  ann  7 a- 


11  a' 


I  h 


i    .    .  I      I 


t  .   .      » 


'  '1  a  1 '( a  ^ 


^ '  ^  *• '    ^' ' "  1 '  ^  ^  a  :-  n  a  a  a  I ; 


w  a!    n. 


1  h.  -M'  [ri\a'n  bv 


. aa<  r-- 
f  an    a 


;i  \'-    ]\' 


j  a  a  ( 


.bj 


at     a 


)UUC1 


j 


I  ! 


a -a 


I    ?. 


7-a  i,a]  ill!    .  7-a  c\ 


n,  ,t 


' '  -.  a  • '  ■ ' '  '.      t  a.    , ,     ...  1 

''   ''  '-^a'  ■  '-<■-.  .at    la-.  a,ua,  ( 

a  a  a      1 


-:a-^  of 
na  !■  ^lail 
ullo>tS, 


ig    tiial   a]Jpcar^.' 


.  t 


\.\'A 


I  ;  (  ■ ! 


'  1 J  '      1  - 


''•■■  '''/"'•■  ■-'•■  ■'■-^■anrc  n  problematic;!^  -;;-., i;  for  the 
•va   :,;n,    n  .  ,:roun.i  of  existence.'     ah,    n^anfoldness 


!     '   1 


py''-'y    '->  .nt  speaks  are  then  only  'substantial  formT'' 

';-■'  =  '  •■  =  -'  ■'^^'l^.  and  give  no  tjenuii.t  rcalitv.-" 

^■^f''-:-".  ''':'■'''  "  /'"'"''  '•'''"^'-.  space,  tim<'  nn,!  conscionsness, 

"'""":■  "7'^'^-  ---'-■-'^"■---•i.ccomefinite,  f,  c, 
'  ;■  >-;•'•  ^'^come  iwrt.cular  spaces,  times,  an<l  consciousnesses >» 
I"-'    .;...>-,    >!,.  not  lend  themselves  to  an  idealistic  system,  for 


<;>•  •    a^     a,..    M,,lepen<lent  concepts,  and   therefore  rannor be  17- 
-u.--..  to  one.     Ideahsm  would  require  ail  to  be  merged  into  con- 

MI,  pp.  76-7. 

2  Ibid.,  p.   78. 

^  Ibid.,  pp.  137-8. 

*  Ibid.    [.    n-3. 

^  /^/(/.,  p.   107. 

^  Ibid.,  na    , . :,  r. 

^   /^/^/..    !        1  :_ 

^  /^/(/..  p.  1 1  J. 
^  Ibid..  \\   I  14. 


JACOBTS   REALISM. 


63 


/ 


^n   <  ,!)    v. 


^cnse 


thev'J^eTl^  ^"'/''''  '"'  ^^"^  ^^""^^  b^  -  -^-ed.^     Moreover 

in     acts  on  jhem,  i.   ..^  they  require  a   fouiah   n^a:  a  .  Va^^   i.  not 

forthcommg.^     Reason  also  rests  on   unn-:Ma..:,:  .na  \ 

standmg  rests  on  imagination,  and  am.    ..  ..:            '~^"  '   '           '    " 
seems   in    tnrn    to   la --:    aaan]    ,  ^^    a.,..,  a^l '.T\', 

imagination  a^-^i  -n  "■     h-     '■-     ,'•       '--■"••--■ 

,     ^  ^-^  •'^'-     J'  -  ^-'^   lar  old  story  ,n  iji 

the  eIq,;nan^   nnr]   thr  ^7-, !'•,.>,    ,-     ,a- 

So  the  whole  i-^  aiaan-.^  7x  '^a-  ^-.>...,:.,yr 
T!a.    a::llculty  is  to  -,a   na    aaa-aL- ^^ .-',  ^'-■/^•<m 
aC('ia.   a:  --^  t  \-.a-    -•■   n:       i      ■        . 


*  ;•  '(: 


!a 


r 


^.-.a.^  .^n 
''  ''"'^  >^-.  and  so  on. 
"ne  tortoise. 


\ 


a  r    i^ 
1 


theo! . .    i 

dnaan-T],      _,.,,    ,,,, 

morr   ilaai   -aaa    ih^ia 
'  '■'.Hcts  as  well  a-   a  ^rn 


i\a!a  . 


^' 'ai    n 

a  ,^  n  I  ts  I 

'  '1     la' 

•ni-'    n. 

'    '7ir   n 

^    'He  other 

n^  f.  aa 

1 

;  n  '  -a 

n  K ;  :~a  ( 

'77    -';: 

'iia i   'J7: 
'  a,    , .    , , ., 

'=a  na;v?   be 
^    7  lans  of 

a    i-.,  -i .^f   n 


\v  a 


!     ^^      .'11 


LHa    ](;rai* 


^"'    -  '  -i'^  '^'Mairrnt  laailiMaa     I  Ir  h-i 


u>   LI'   ^ca    inai 

o^j('cri^a'  rnia  ~a 

the  ontological 

of  one  sphere  a:   larni.  ,}  ih 

to  bi   [\iQ  only  line  of  pos^^ibiln 

spnknn.  nnd  the  final  i] 


t  1  u 


nunt 


"      -•'    '*  '  oil     na  \a'''"'a  u  is-.-^-  t--,.    ; 

■■■"''''^  S-oes   ar-KT.   an7   a.  vr-:',r.a.   ,a,      ,.,  ,, 

"'-'  •     ^'^'^    ^-xiaanan'  n 

a    '  ^\^:vr     'II    ^^a.,  .a    ...,  . 
-    '  ■  ■    s ,  I . ;  I  a    t^  a^  ^  I 


.V  i  i  n 


>p:     s. 


'^^'aiaii  tin. 


vT 


<  •( 


Hau.    ut^all 


\\7 


a"!\a 


ria.nK-  .,-,■   u-.a 


)  ■■      !   !> 


•  J  -J     a . 


^ '  ••'  =  ■--■.    ani'  i    na'cli    less 
n.. 


:  i .  a    )  a  a '  •  i 


rt"a;>]n   i<   i 


]   1  <  ti/  .t 


ora<le 


1  • 


i  t 


- 1-  a  a 


we  now 


w7aah 


iur 


anaf\>i.   he  muM  pvu\^  lu  ht 

Maud  idealism.     For  hr-  la-:  ai 

V'hich    all    objects    exi-'     ■  -  ;    , .-     ■ 

■s  ratio..i  througho;,t7though  not'  m";;:rse;;::  T.:^:^" 

^™o     understanding.     He  is.   tberef..  .   .,   .ore  a  :^   h.:' 
■s  anyone   ..n.  u.e.   n.i   hold   to  subjective   ,::,;::■-.  '     n.    i     ,7-^ 

so  much  of  a  rca!i  =  .  :■-.   <■  lno7^  ■  fnrh.   'i       •      " 

■  a'uoza  ,  lor,  as  ih  a     ^  a  s.    :*   ;     n  ,  i   - 

merit  to  have   ^  ^'--  .a      x,     7.     •  "^  -        '  ^"^  J^cubis 

Nor  .s  he  mire  of 777.: 7  h  K^^'^""  ^"f  ^"^::  'T  '"''''■' 
form  of  the  Critical  1  la..,,  .it  ^7  777,  ^^'T^vl^'  "'^'"' 
to  deny  .ahtv  to  objects.  '  ni;  jLb.  did  not  c  .n^:    J^::;" 

lie  lettei  of  Kant  s  treatment  of  In.  problems.    He  did  not  allow 

^^.    pp.     134-5. 

^  Ibid.,  p.   161. 

"^Ibid.,  pp.   115.   116    jj^ 

*  Hegel,  Werkc,  Bd.  XVII    p    9 


i 


64 


THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF   F.    H.    T  \    qbi. 


)..   ...       ;■]■■!         .  ,     ■  ''■"  '"'■''      '    '  '^-  -^  ^^  ' '  ■-'■■■-'r^,  and 

f  i  c     *  ;  s  '  1   ■       ■       t        f  1  1     -       *    i  V         .  _  ;      ;  1  .  •^_'  ' 


^•'i'  ^i:;~:nt  ainl  rxpn—:.  ^m. 


-\ "'  \\  I    }ia\'!.;  arrc:^  ^\"  i ><  ant!; 


a}'pja,<i   liiv   u-.j-M   •  Mcaii 

u\'  iii-w  call   ^iili]!.'Cli\a'  airaii-ii 

in<,)r\:  >i .  than   w^as   Kant. 


t^nl 


!  ,  1     ^ 

(  ai  .  M  li.    1  ti    ;■ 


'.\  :n 


I  .  t 


n^  aire, 


n^  lu'   wai: 


"pp*  '-cd,  Init   n^  t 


,  .,  ...  ^  ^  ''''■'   "^'^  prc-viu   :^tanap.,::t,   tin.   wnnM 

nc  nn]ili>ni   ratlita-   tliaii    idran-ni  ;   n  a-   n^  a 
utaiial   ■■)t  all  ()l)it„'ct>  nni-i. 


v\'t  ana    il    a^ 


yviiK-i    a 


'""^^■"^■^■^'  ''^*  >^vq)t  away.      Xntlini-  waiai 
](~'L:ical  ca.ailcnt  ci  ilu-  ini; 


K'  nil    innikni-  >taf.  hut   this   v,.||- 


\\''  ■{■ 


i't-  ki"t  hni   ih 


ua,] 


<^'    pSX'CllU- 


tent.      1  his  nu'thnd  of  rnducin"- 


nn.  wath  n.  -  nmn!  .a   uincii  n    wai^  ilic 


c^  'n- 


n':ilU:T  t-.  nuaital  rontnit   wraih]  1.,. 


tiU'   n!n\a/i> 


r    n , , ;    , ,  1   • 


ai\-  (j( 


materialism. 

A    IriK-   irUaliMii    wmuK;    raiiur    Ii.],'    •'. 
(-■iiibradiiL;  >y-t(.'ni  r,f  thr.noi 

'''-nai!   t,-   t!u-ir   ,„„„,.,   ,v„t,v,   Rial..,,   v.iiich    Mil.n,    Mi.-n^.K..- 
t-  t  ,.  c..n,.k,c,..,u-l,-a>i..„  .,  n,„ij„.     -r|„.  ,,,,,„  ,,,^,,  ^,,,,  ,,_^,    ^^^_,^^ 

'",     ^:  ■'"'■pp^-  ^"''-  -  ■■-■nvlai.,]  iliat  lluir  ,n;ir,    ,|,„ifK.a,ua.  i,  .>,„ 
:      ■    "'a'"   "'^'  1'^"-'-  '■    ■■-.  n,   .iKirr.Lali,.,,.  ,M,l,/wh,,i,        X-/,,..; 

un.v>-r>c  1.  Uuai   rati-nal   ti„..;,^h  an.;   i\n.,--U.  aia'   a.   ,....,.■.„; '. 
unn-civ   inua-pR-tal.U-   ,i,   urn,-  ,.f  lii^:.;i:;hi.      All  ..l,ua~  aial  'a'i  '.^,  ,.. 

'  '^'^    *"   ivh.Mnu.c   t-  an   .ar,,  j-  .,|n,'C'.  apa   ikt,- 

^''^^^-      ^'-vrr\thm-   i.   acn\r.   ami   ni^'^t    fnt^^r;..,.   ;„    ,- ',-  ,.  '   '     ',. 

,  .  '    ' " "   ^    ^ '' ' i^n, .,<  ai    ni    ua (  ! !  Pa. •    !,  i    'i  i 

"^'^^'    ^'''''-^-      '^'^''-^   n]nainn,u    -!    naah    uaH    h.    ..,.,    :.,    ..    .-,../.,:  7' 

^^  ^"7  ^-  '^' ^^'^  ^^-''^  ^^'^  ^^^  ^^^'- ^'^--vr.i  .  a^vlaia  u  1..  any  a ^.-^a 
"^-'^^l'^"''''^^^'  ^^"^^5   'h'  J'i^-t   an.aiua'  nana,   n  a-  n --   nanna.       ^-     '"""^    '"" 
all   ..!j]cat>   an 


n    '^'^    p(.a  ^! ']]  v_    t  !u;n,    I  h  v, 
MKniliaanca   n  a-   thnnyhi,  an<;   Inaha^   n 

^^  "■'^>'  ^'^  >ai<l  that  ihi-  v\a-  th 
I  ln>,     f    ihnilx,    n^    :_ 
T^-'^ihlv    C'.nli!    he    tliiin-^lH.    \u. 
*-'  'iiylu,  '  a'  iha  nn(!ta~-nnwhf|., 
■'''^■^'*-:-"  "^  nifria-nci'-  an-l   yla  n-.na/n;., 
tliat  tlu-  ninnu.,-  wai-  kn-avn  onlv  n-  n-t 
thi-  rtaih \-  i V  '         '■  " 


nart-  an'l 
*'  .    ihia.     ha\a-   ;i 


\ann- 

a    nianaaii  r-nna!:!:n". 

'    lain    ai    ■: 


•'  ?••?' 


i    inat 


<  1 '  '  ' i  >' 


I  1  :  i( 


'     -ill'..      i  i  a  -     [[■] 
h'    C-    ]]Ci']  \  i_-,  ]    iT 
:-'     'hi.n..'!,     n,      , 


a^^   ha*   a 
!  :::    tn-st 


T' ,  1  n  1    ?  ] ' ,  , « T , ,-  n  .    ; , ,    ; ,      1   •     1 


1'  't  tiuti  lain  ti 
^'■''^  "'^  ''''''  i'^^-'^l  ^-'H'  w^a-y  "  raa-  .n  '  n-  -h  ti.  it,^  t]a 
^'^^^    •''■■    ^^a,^    ri.  a     -nhkaaniix     .irt.Mir.^    ■,.    ..    .n. 


'^'  oana   Ian  r  :  .  m  ,•  that 


;1  • 


;  a,. a 


'^^aa-vn.  th<aiyli   nroh^thl 


\^   i(  [ra  a  -!  r 


C'  ai\act I'  ai -   than   an\    i<  a"i' 


;.  i '    a  ( ■  \  r ! .  a !    a  ■ ' 


Xia    !]]ai 


'  ^.     I .  n 


P""l'e"!"    1"-   aallrn   an   i-h  -.-x'        [I-     .  na        ,  i  .         .    ' 

''■•'''■'        il  1 1  i  1  u  I  U  ■'->.!  i  t      I    a     : !    r     .  1    ■.  *  •  >.        f    ■.-.»-,.    1 ;,  ■        "1         1  ■  , 

■  ■    ■       1  >  '  ••  1  ^  •.    i        n    ,.  .  ,  ,      "-  .  1  .  ;    I  I    i  ' ,  t  '     ^. '  '  .  '     1  ,  '  ,  ■  -  J  :  .  .    ,  -  -,      ♦  1 , 


wnii  an\-   liiMi^au'ii- 


(  r  j   ,  M  )  <  f      t-  ,  .  -  a  '  ». '  •  i 

.>-,      - '  ^^     O-  1 1 .  i  *•  1 .  i , 


•  a.aa;na:c  Uiv:iii>]Vi  than 


ll 


^^  iihvi' 


i   ]■-.  iv       \ 


j-v 


I    ( 


t   T  '  T  a'  .< 


-->in'>    '\\F.T .\]'\  [Y>]CS  ■    lUS    ', 


\  -\  i 


r'    PHILOSOPHY 


'^  ^^''^  ^-^  inna;aa(aua!  nanaph\-vica!  and  rciiiri^ai^  <nf>han^  tlnn 
^^•^'""  ^''^•^•''  ^"^  ^-^-''^  intnta-t.  I1u--f  fnrnidu-d  tlu;  in.  ana  >  that 
•"''^^'  ^'•''''  ''  l'!-^'--pkvr  at  all.     (  nhw  pha^a^^  in  Ins  d.^tiana  were 


^^'■■V(/a  ^pi-a   nnaai\-   t^  ■   rna[)!a 


a   c.aninadian-a.n   of  t!u>e 
^''^-^^^■■'-  '^'^''  ^^  ^■■i;i^'in  liiin  t')  Ml  tluan   forth  ni  what  lu;  0'ai>idvia;d 

t   ihiyht  lu;  >aal  of  him  a^  of  Spinoza  t'au  hr  wa- 
''  '""        i  ^^^'  pr'>haa!;>  of  Idtci^in  and  of  Kra^o:  n 


tDv  trnr  li-ht. 


t  nt 


I    I  <  .■  I   M 


ha 


'•'■'■"^'■-    ^^'^'    ^^'-'^'    ^.ihjL'Ct^    of   pni-.'    nK'ta])hvMcal    niyniin- 


^^^^■^^'  ^"^-^"v    th.^  Md)iaats  uhich  occnpiid   hi^  chiaf  th 


a 
'niHit. 


\'ai 


,    1 


Jac.  a.i    .aw   tis   auani\-   as   an\-onc   tlu-   fadnia'   of   tlu'   .ad   n.or-...,,a. 


iriiaaiaix  su-- 


Tina 


c 
m:   aial   ha   naaln   u    hi-   lifcdony^   andra\-.  a-  v< 
^-'^^runnv^h^  a  na-ra  adaynata   vawv,  V>  one  which   wrand   havt    -- 
inncaina;   n  a-  hotli   phil->oph\    and   rcli-aan      The  r:ld   philo.,.p]n    or 
'^   f^^a^ad   trinv    >a\-s.  concnaa  d   it-li   with   "  ihv  n-ai^ai   r.f 


tf] 


(  lod.   la-   i  i.  'd   : 


ana. 


1, ; 


s  'Wa  a,' 


lany-'  -a.  tn^ia  \v:i 


>a-   iuany.   thr   jiroois   oi   hi<   cxistinc.-.   and 

t''^  rind  aait  what  laaMicatcs 

aio,--   nra.dnct 
^-''    ia«-anai    1  aann,"-      The    naah-d    .   "     ' 


^onid   la;  a-aak;d   t-   (  i^  .d  :  and   n^^   ta-nit    wai-   "*  the   lif-^^'- 


'I    niaia -nstrataai    riainia;d    tla; 


ain.-a:ant   ■  a   ^(  aia 


1 


/ 


'itjactwa'  cr^anai  of  iru.  [Kan-  oi  ku„i    yi^.  y-,,,-  o 
aa^    ai q  u-ar   l ^  >   1  ir    *  aaa\  c  '    ''--  ■  ^ 

a^.  .a  ,,      .         ;i  1 


•'  ^■■'"'•'^  a^  ^  p'osanr  pas^aya-  tf'^n';  tin-  tnntr  t;,  tm,.  i 
•-a  a '  h    'i     -.  \  o  o  •  <  1  ^     n 


^*  'nu;tinny"   fise.       {  n^aa-    i-    :n    :!a 
i' '  o!r  nnmnr.     f  '•,  ■.'    f.  a 


*'-■*■" '-■^■■■^   cUiirr   till'   totaht)    of   the   fiintr.    winch    v 
'  ■ajn;w-^a;,    <  a'    tra^    t;--rncf    la    ^nhnaaixan."    ^' t    ,.■.,.,-    ,.,,.,;,     -,na,. 

*     -..o...      \  ai   tn.-   aari   a    was  likiwa-i,    nan- ^-^^a^A 

^' '  ^"''^^'  ^'aa/  aca^  aint  ^  f  tiia  attraiani;- 
tis   ]ana;    laahyv.   a>    nalrtrianiia'ttr    hiiria 
^"^  '''aai  pT'  ■ariaa'-  winch   waaa;  co!aa;i\a  <i 


'a   ( i.  'd  ;  f,  ,r  he  wa: 


'  ir    wai:-,    ra  av(  a 


iawa\a,'d 


Ml 


\'. ' 


Lv_>Lia ;   or  war'' 
nnv-..i\cs   the   ; 


'  ua-i  a\'  (aa,  ra  in-  ra-lat:  ai 

'''■^^■'  ^^■^■^^'-  tlaaaaoia;,  rxtnand.  aaa!  an  lanni-aaatta  - 

".'■   '•■  ■  t-'O:.,      i.;:;   ^j   Wail  hr  niaua'd  nait  inas  naah'id 

''^•^"•'d*'-^^'5   <a    a   ^^tarania-pomt.   and   tlw;   dadncta  ai   wf 

i  la-    loiaai   of  tlaaaoyya   tliwn   ^-tartid    wat:; 

ladncinL:  (  i-;i   thiaa.  f-  "  ...        - 

h;.i'   la-..,..  If       aa,; 


•  aata    irnoi^    ''■"i-'p    t 
a  '  awaia"  aral  ]a 
upun  caht  !~  I;  raa- 

'  ^^''  a'a  ;v    7  o    Logic  of  Hcgc:.  pp.  ; 
^  Ibid,    a     w 


^  =  ^   u-coi)    nauu;  inrn  th- 
v^.  ^"-es  the  rawnt  a  aaa- 


■',  t  • 


66 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBL 


lur  instead  of  making  God  the  ground  of  all  things,  it  really  makes 
him  dependent  upon  all  else.^ 

This  u.:^  \hv  Theism  aim  I'le  Demonstration  a-iiii^i  'ai.uti  ]..c.M 
^''/■'■■',  ^  ;''^  !-liH'  ~-!-!u-m  .;.  mraics.  He  felt  hu  less  sLiungiy  dian 
^'-  '•   ^- '  '^-^'    *'^    ^■^^-    ^   "-     i-nrly,  that   this  sort  of  doctrine  was 

l^-^''"^!^;'''--   ^"  '''•^^^••-   i'lnlosophy  or   r.  H^^Jon.       !:    '-.^   no  philosoph- 

''"'  ■;^'"^'-  ^'  ^'  ;'^^'-  'yi:-nm-  urn  !;:;mm\,M!v  m--.a:!id;  an.!  it  had 
^'■^  ''^ -^--^-yv:-  \-ainr.  na-  -:.-h  a  .- .laa,  |  a:- -n  .-i  Uud  lacknn  ;r'  c^n- 
tant.  ami  c<ann,  aaa*  a';  iiu^;  •,  _  \\:i\  ^  n..  n'aaninc: 
C'  n^cn.mm'.      }a(a;la  ^   c!anai:-n'--   -a 

nn-  :  a'  am 
)hilosopl!rr- 


a/    n  I 


'     1      phlh  )-i  i1  Hi  \       ;i  r,  ,     j,,^,^:^^  ,i 


ann   |K;m,  tranm 


;  ;  K 


■■K  {   •  ■  I 


\  i  I  :    I       1   i 


ta  n 


Wu-   laadiim    '^i 


i  H'-aarn, 


\\a,'   cann<  a 

ti«  an 


1      1 


i  S    i     i  till 


hvlivv    iim: 
\\a,      la: 


1 1  <       f "!  A  \    '  1 


Caiiaa^-     n  aaa:a  r     ! 


L '.  •    .  '■  L  i  i  va  i  1 1  a .    a  aa  I 
•!    m    cur    ran.  i-i- 


i  a  . ,' "  T  r  1  n  !  ■  s 


>-nai;.: 


ac  ■]  1]  rrinar-vr-  tliai    1  ')r>aar 


;  t  ■      ]    I     i 


(   .  \  \  ■ 


1^.,   ha 


,  n 

,  i  ; 


'  ■  1 .  .^  V 1 1 1 .  i  V  t    n  i  m  1  a  !  a   >  a    it',: 


^'  'nmL!',    w  Uici]   1-   n-^nai 


a . ;  I 


hi    ia  s 


«'i^'V    pnni '>npi]Kail    nnl'm 


n     1 


(  in 


:l    r        i 


tr< ']]]    an    a-^nna-J    nrinaii.K;,   ■:  r   mtnna 


■■•nn-ara.     haM-anas     starnl 


Uana." 


mtnitixa/  i    idaa 


(■  :,  ., 


a, , ,   a , 


pmi   tai  -   !]r   a(,n;ain   n 


an    nnnite 

■  ■■-      X  \    ^  t  ,    1  ;  i 


X'  I    faaiin; 
am<  >  a;  I   aaa 

rafmaaicr  n  -  tha  1  )i\am 


>   vniirrn.    -an -lit  d   wiili   'ju 


^^^""  -:*  /nvTa'  tha  *  iijralim'  bamn  -  n   *  i-n    m 


iH </!'   !  aanta;  'M  ,    la. 


\:t 


1 


nnn-x  m-  •'  i  n-rr   ^  n 
■'''  -^'  '^"^a-  htairr  than  immediacy. 
[['''    '"'-^    apprara.l    n-   Jan.  ^hi    r,,    ].-    ihv    uraknrn-    ^a    <  ■arn^-nannan. 
^'"^   ^^    imaia   tha   a'aimjaa-ai   -a    m,J    a,f.,  t';.]    ,  ^^    imar   ,■.■!■  ■,...' .    yr/ 


ar 


•  nmn'  na 


n//7;a'/an/. 


i  ., 


'■ '  aan  I  a-  an<  i\\ai  ■  ■!!  ■  ■.    mm  '> 


t , 


f ivna  n^t^an'  1!    nm-l    la-    la  a    < 
i  mil   a^-iiiaa  win  :-«,/  lirin:^^   ra  i- 
-ucn    nm ;a  H ]    'a    t ir. ,. , f   i 
m-caulim'-   iV 


!  r 


Ilia   '    i  . 


!  •  ..  n;.^ 


-*m]   nnnnm   ^n.^^^M  ama   mr   mak. 
mn  -el>  imaif  a;n'  n  iln'  nn".  aua  nn<i 


ann  nnv  mnnnjacd 

at  '"-a'lai)  false. 
]]•  ;  *  ; '  ■  a .  a i a  "^  a n \ ' 
'    a,;lir:<nn       Tans, 

•u    <lapen(kni,    Up<an 

n<'-  (  r(a(|  ( !( ] i;  !]' k 'nt 


^  •  a      !  -i     i  t  -  I,  ■ :  i  . 


1  i  i   ^^  n  n  a  a'  1  > !  n 


iaia 


f  a, 


J  ar 

raan,. 


aa  lanx 


mlnah  art  -;r  , 


1     i  ,  i  r    a 


UL*can;a  ila,;  a-  ani >lr'\c  i  'aia 


Ma' 


i  \ 


at 


' '   a>   a   na''  an.  n  v 


(,     !  '  (   '  ( 


naiavaal   th 


^    '  ^  ' ' '  -,   1 1  ■ '  J ; ,  i  1 1  i,    i  M '  i  i  a ;  n  ,  a 


thMn-ia    fr,  an    tha    \>r 


an- 


vi 


. i.    na,  a: 


Ct'ijaiU^iaai  Uiai   i  a  mv.-iii   •, 
^  Cn    /.T.  ci/.  a-   f\:Asim. 


1   na~  mttntion.  for  he  con- 
li^    ha^atiaiad   ^|Jlnozism  as 

^  1  *  arU'^iani-Tv.  and  m-nah 

^'   '"•'  ^  ?'^^^i  iraated  the  being 

a^'  ' ' '    *  a-  'U'  nn     /    /»     h-  ■   n .,  a 

r  he  had  earlier    imi\Lu  the 
'  '"'  -A'    nut    lixe    mr\'itahle 
uiumainly  one.^     lia  aid  m  t. 


'  Kuina   /acofet   HHti   i//f?  PJiilos.  seiner  Zeit,  pp.   82-3. 

'/6/J.,  r>p.  88-89. 


JACOBTS   METAPHYSICS. 


67 


however,  attempt  to  resolve  the  dualism  in  finite  existence,  but  left 
mind  and  matter  independent  for  experience,  postulating  their 
unitv  m  am  iltimate  substance,  thus  getting  rid  of  the  absurd  idea 
of  a  m.a^....  He  also  abandoned  the  idea  of  a  development  of  thought 
and  extension  from  one  substance,^  considering  tia  na  o  as  eternally 
distinct,  though  logically  united  in  the  one  eterma^  ^ubstance. 
'    '^'-•'■•a    -anaanan-n    -a    'in-   ];tn!^'   (,i    !i!iite  and 


f  I'^ni.'-. 


V.  a 


li- 


iiui^i  pu>n   an   i 
sav  that  ihn  ah- 


a-  « 'n  the  older.      ]■'<  r  In; 

nc,  as  ananit    lameness.   ;!a>n-'n    a^'  •'■-( 


i  a.. 


n,3 


n, 


!  1 


1  >  (  t 


and  iie  so  C(jna(  ix-  a   : 

He   ra-rha-'i]    \]:v    taan 

a-  r-    ;•-,,:!   I  ;od.     A- 

oza  is  not  so  mnea  a;, 

Thonnh  jaa^^Li  ranaa-- 
a  ■-  a  ■  \  a  la  ;  I  a,'aa!n'e  v<.>  'l  n :  • 
^'  ''  "'^'a  ma"  n  '-aln  a-  u--..  ..■( 
!;nnkn:-  t---    -- 

tended  es-.  nar.  a~ 
cann^a  i,R'  maj>;^  k'l' 
parts  form,  a-  wn] 


ais  is  Mnly  n^  xWk:  nna:^-nai:inn  and  not  in 
H'an  re,  to  choose  k-xveen  a  Being  and  a 
'.      ae    licing."       {ji-    nmiaT-a   beca'ne   sta'a' 


■^    I  / ) 


d'ai\'  u<'\ 


a   (  ,, 


.a  i\ 


.'.(■ 


\ 

i  ■ 

4 1 


a,i:e   ei  M  jjiaCuaai,    >pin- 


aa^  ■-■ 


I  V  ;  1  r       -ill 


•  t 


a^a    an'ension 


if  '    n'"!  '( 


<   .  i,  (       .   (   '  .\ 


vlcuti  a 

m  ^\m; 


I  : 


ara/--  Ci  a : 

f  ki  uihic  la-anank,'  kaa   nie 

<  a"  m- ■miiaaLuai  tji  the  cx- 
iama  llm  extianlc'd  ev-.^nre 
'  ^''^'  tkna^nn''  t;--ance  im- 


\\ 


U/        N(     ll 


']i,.   G 


rst.     To  Spinoza,  on 


a '   ( 


,  t 


,,  1. 


t ,  ii 


i-  tke  ohjat,ak\  r  .  r   a  nana!   Iw,  ka 
essence  is  oin;.    t!nn   xvlncii  m  a  measur. 
a''''    km     reflcme-    rif    thinn-- 


aan-t    and  in  gen- 
!^  ail  nded  essence 


:  (  ' 


lor 


--inozism,    therefore,    is 


conas  ;  a  a  n-    a^'' 

matenahMa-;  nr  n  ak.>n.  n.  -i,:„],i„or  essence  to  think  onlv  of 
the  material,  eaacaided  essence.^  Accor  kna  ^,  kiaobi  savs.  that  in 
spite  of  his  profe-~"a  opposition  <;f  tk-naki  and  exn-n-a-n  ^^aklmza 
^^^\'^  ■'--';•  ;^'^-';'^'    na/.Tmraaak  ana   ±.  mn\m>e  atheistic.' 

Spinoza's  nnna!  annank-,  m  -i  ].a.ssing  from  km  takte  to  the  in- 
finite, ^tanan  :r  m  the  standpoint  of  human  kmnwledgc,  he  can- 
not find  his  way  to  ika  infinite:  or,  starting  nin,  die  ^infinite  he 
cannot  reach  the  finite.  The  all-mclusive  God  ank%niite  indivichials 
are  cuntraa]ictor>  ,  there  is  no  passage  from  the  one  to  the  other. 

J  Werke,  iV,  b,  p.    133. 

'Ibid.,  p.   136. 

^  Ibid.,  p.   139. 

*  IV,  a,  p.  xxxiv. 

5  Wallace,   op.   cit.,   p.    106. 

6  III,  pp.  430-431. 

'  IV,  b,  p.  134.     Cf.  John  Caird,  Sti,ioj:a  (Blackwood's  Philosophical  Classics) 
pp.   262    ff. 


^:? 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBI. 


I[a\;m,;    in.iiviflnals,  /.  c,  admitting  hnmmi   knowledge,  there  is  no 

c:i'!  rise  to  God.'     i',<ii   h.>o-ipniprr  ^^'^ii  c,,..'    ..-f. 

:-.!.  Illness  to  him,  ii^  >:  ::      ,\  ^  -:cm,  any  more 

a-cnlu;  [.•  \]::n  bodily  moven^i'iu-  aini   f.  ^u:-  an.:  anlors.^ 


wa,}    ijjv 
ca!:n''^t  a 


it'  [ 


ti 


\\  f  a 


• '  f 


a.'     laiU-^;     h;!-     r\]A]Cl:\ 


because  ( 


llltr     lah- 


; !   •;  ■  ( 


la  1 1 1    a  a  \  a 


tii^^'i.;!]   >p!a-7a  tnaik-. 
iira't.  r-taia  iaa^\  lir  inu.^.? 
a-  tla.-   '  '.  aa:anaa   -.in  U   '  « 


iM  a 


^atIl^Lca' 

uc)  nbuaa 

I    tla-   fi--a 

(:■;•!".  fit    ■■ 


a/iu-  aaa  a  'ii 
iu/i\]]rr    anair!"-uiia'naa    a^  a^    w  '11, 


a  a'  a    a  a  i  i  \ 
it    » a, ^  ,  1 1 , <■  a « 


-.> 


,  \i 


V  a  a;  -■■  i 


:  = .  1  ^  - ' :..,   a  i ■  a " :.: i  a  -  , . a :   no 


ous  ii  >Ta]i^  t  a  t hi  ;nalii  ai 


'  iiiaaiia  ^ii   .  4   :i\)<o]\\\i 

I  ai'a  !at 


1  ii"Li-hL  i_a-  aiaiia-^t,.i;a;,«^'  ^^-^.j. 

i^  a]\vna^  a  ia/i-aiai   >  ;raa-;ranate 

!!!.;•'-■       Xa  ,r..  ^\  ,  T-     -a'    -a 


M  '    M, 


t= '   t!;i-   lainiur    aatuia, 
..,■  a   !a 


a  ace,   tbt 


staa* ,:!] 


(a     I  at.     \\ 

,  1 


'^{'    {' 


na,  r 


I   'I   t ? 


a„ '  a  i 


\  aaa- 
aa'a:^  '   \  M,    r-  a  rred 

'■-'■^'    aa>    iiu    iiiidcr- 
''   iaa.  r  ai- •  w-^a      !'-  la-iaiaai  *a)  tlic  prncc-'^ 
t-a,:    -a    an    nitrai-vaar    a>    iis   object,    bnt 
aa!   w  ii>  ^l■  to  its  aai^'s. 


lu-   . 


Ihe  {Hints  to  be  especially  noticed  in  Jacobi's  criticism  are  that 


'u^u  aa\'a 


r  M  i 


ann     a^    :^onm(a  ra';;!     I'rj-u 


1 


on; 
onl 


~uh-^i\u 


all!cis!n.    a-   •■a-v  ^  i-m^  a   innc'iauism, 

aivalif]    a,r    phiiuiuphy.     1-aith    is    the 

•    ''-'■  '■   ''■  I-     \aa\    a  demonstrative  prin- 

r  demonstration,   wUwli  laiur  a    applicable 

a,  aaes  of  fatana'. 

Jacobi  thranjit  iliai  ^  ijur\i\  niLvhauical  iiiii\aa-<e  \<  not  only  athe- 
^^^^  ''■-  -  ^'  -!  ^'^  n  ^t^lf-contradictory  concepti(.n.  T- n-  if  it  be 
'^''^''"'  ^"  ^■'  -i'^'^  an\:i]a;n-  as  absolntely  nalriunakait.  it  is  likewise 

a^    ;.'.M^]utelv    urprn.'ma       The    laiiLr 

i--:^  lu  ,   and   hence 


1 


i '  ^ 


.  i  1 


an,  •  i 


a:ran    ;nat    un-    w^aad    w;i 

1  • 


1 


M    •    :    t 


111    ■  I  ; 


a  ^ 


\\ 


1 


t  _ 


taa.a 
Ma  I  -nv 


^y''i^-\>i'>h\vi]K:{:   IS   nnl!a]a^;l:>;i,^    C'njnas.ai 


■a \a'  t)'  ■  I  a"''"it'">* ■■'■*  n  - 


1 1 


a      ',  . 


c^  ana  aa^ 

i  ;    a-  ^':'|  M 

anaasi  \    >-(  >.       \1  falana-aa   in  <  a".  !< 

'■-    'ii-'i    -<  1   i-M-anaive  of  thim-,   ana    naiM    m.i   finally  on 

'"""'■''/''•       U  iU  II    \\i-   thiiiu   uf  the   wurivi-giuiual    n-   intellio-ent 

'  "^'-^'-'^    v.(    have  not  so  difficult  a  conception,  a^  wlai^  we 

::■■      f  il  '    inn.vrse  as  a  self-originating  mechanism.'      This 

j-    ai,  appeared  to  be  an  absurdity. 


IV.  ' . 


I  ( I  n 


'Ibid.,  p.  91. 
■  .  ^  ,       a    105. 

^Ibid.,  p.   106. 

M\',  a.  I,.  88. 

C    [  X  "  1        r. 


\ 


JACOBI'S    METAPHYSICS. 


69 


In  order  that  providence,  freedom,  and  other  such  human  charac- 


teristic- may  \h:  a:  lia,,-  w .jrld,  Jacobi  Uiuu-i 
ia;  t;a.     \a:hur  oi  the  world.     Otherwise  wv  -■ 


I   vo:  iirst 
ana!  provi- 


rlia 


"rn. . 


ran; 


nil  Ti-\ 


1  *(    1 1 


*at  !a,:<\    na  C'    iiecessit\ 
mtellia'aat,    an-'    la  ac 

con-iam.-    iMra=aatal}.    :na:    v\-.r^    inaa:-    wiaci 
■'^'^2'  '^'' "   ''^'-ii  a^  'i      >  a   pw":--;:;.     ijud  tht,aaa- 
<^*-''.  «-^  'k^'  mniplatt-a   ^nai  Ini^lic-t  intclii-'i  nc^  . 
est  per^<-na;a;,■.      (  ^na.-  ni  ivn-  wny  c.ai  v.v  a^aa'T  nnnili-anic 
v''--''l-^r'nu\r    :,{    ai!,      W'c   c^nin.a    ilina^    (a'   nir^aii-^nncr   apa 

j-hc  f 'pn- 'an.i  1*  ■-  'C  ihi:-'  \ar\\^  ^-I'l'in  t«'  - 
^  ial<  ;::L:i-nCi.-  walla, -at  pia^.-naiaia  la 
vik'n  meaii-  an  inu  iiiLia-nt  iuani:-.  a  aaraj 
Hip  w  hana-.  rn  !  ia,-  \x .  ='-ia..-r,  ^naia  na^i  Ik.  a.!ii 
from  li.i  \a.aaa  ..t  <.!,n-a!^.  n;  c-rP,r  ilmt  M,K'h 
iai\a-  any  meaiam:   f-^-  -n:-  \:u^  ■■\\\i  Ai^w  *  a-  ac  a 


aiess 

aial 


n  a  r  i  n  14'  f 
1  ' 


the 


ir_-iii 
;tk  of 


lar    w.  a 
taa-  ^aa  • 


.  a .  i 


■     "    v,t 


■t-v:t 


1 1- 


\' 


^    a    wiujie. 

^  •  -a    c  •  ■ '  a  n  a  a  I 


from  til 
fr^  an  all  tiling-  in^  ha.-  n 
highest  pel  -  n.iia  \  ana  h 
haci  1^  aa,  have  i,aa  :a;  facuilii-.  '^  {  i 
organs.  He  i>  pr-  pnim  cnn^^]ctc  lu.  i 
it^alf;  the  pure.  !ii:a'hest  na!am--aaihi^i 
Whnn  we  come  to  I 


\\a'  uu< 


God  d,i-tina'ai-:a,'-  h'^ii-elf 
^'am  and  mn--  pi^ssess  the 
a-'  a.  ''  !  a,n  (  ]<  )d  d..)c>  not 
tn<.  ai!^,-nhi;j;(,t.c,  nneds  no 
! n  It  '■■(,  aa,  a,na  !\ i ;■  a\a!i a^  m 
th.  pare,  almighty  \\aah  ' 
^a;  ia  la  parded  his  theism 


a«  -t   ciii  n\i  a   -ati-iaciur\a 


1l  con- 


as  n.'  a-r  nrarly  adupaaua  ha  an 

ccived  the  neo-ative  side  of  ihc  Kntik  dcr  rriuni  Vcmnnft  1  ^  be  

essar\-  from  tla  -ta,ndpnnit  r^  ^ch-tna  .  ']n  fahi.r  haa  wa-  '-a!'-:'  r-each 
an  adequate  theism  in  tiir  hiih  -  i  religion,  jac-ln  himaf.  aa-  thought 
the  theoretical  part  of  hir  /ha;//h  t,.  ],,:  hiiaat,  ,•  -.o-a,^.-  -,  ..,ma,,a.,-^.X  ., 


laai.  sialism  :  : 


UV-  I 


t  K  <  \\     a ■  a \ 


I  a  i  a' t  -    I 


aait  s 


■■  -.  t  !   ;  T"  •  1 


i  u.-!  ; 


iiiir  of 


>-iain   -niise  led  inm   in  see  inai   ihi-  va-nid  hr  ta 

abyss  unles-  a  ^i-'  am--    \^  ,y^^'u-  n,  ^  •.  v= -^  it-'     1"-.^-.,-.  ,., 

losophy  is  not,  and  im-  la  .  riai-  *  ■  in   tida-f  liK.i^uc  -  a-  adi 

morn  than  o-f^nna.-n-y  ur  ain   uUier  hr;aaai  ^  i  -science  -  a-  laa 

And  so  Kaiud  piiilosophv  i-  n-dha  r.h     "  hdia:   it   hn-\\>  i 

God  constitutes  no  reproach  to  the  ira-^     iidental  philosophy,  v  here 

it  is  always  recognized  that  God  cannot  be  known,  liaa.  only  believed 

*  II,  p.  114. 

'  IV,  b,  p.  78. 
'II,  p.  264. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  10. 
^Ibid.,  p.  2,Z- 
•III,  p.  6. 


i 


'O 


J 


THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF   F.    H.    JACOBI. 


1  ■*! 


"^  ^^'  '^  \' '^"  c^inM  !..   knruvn  would  be  no  God/'^     This  int^Tpre- 

tat^'  u     I   '\:n;*,  \'.  hi- ii  rei^ards  him  as  conceivins:  supersensi])]e  iruihs 


oiil   hi-   wli 


1 


"if  ill  ^--t  ra  i  H  i ',    1  ^    lIIl    \'  iL  \\" 


uh:a|- 


'&' 


.'  U  I  , 


1io,.i 


nra',   luitlit.r  can  the    invli a^tnnding  deny  the 
o1>;<nai\T  \-a!a;ny  ,>f  the  Ideas  of   Ivat^.^a      T'hese  arr  t-  it   nniia'h 

la-a  ihev  are  objects  oi  i\<- .n, 

jvc^ .     1  .«,cnse,  for  both  alike 

wniiiii  hi,-  ii-aliinor  left  of  ob- 


'^'Vc  i i '  '  u.'] 


nf  ti'TOij  itinti,,      Thcai   liii  i . 


I      ,  ,■--.  •"<*■■  *--  1  ■■■, 

!  \-L  L  i  \  i-     i,  1 1 


t  ht    lit 


1 


f  ■! 


j  a*i\  1  \a 


Mil  only  a  fonnkss  content  of  iniacfes 


\an  iity  or  meaning. 


M'  a\'    Int.'    Ihr* 


I  !   i  ■    1         I   i  ' 


ai  ;  /-a  1 
ruaicv, 
faii]a" 
auiti-iM 


!  > 


n  '-^n?i 


i\  aa.  I  )\vever,  goes  on  to 
lataal  r  ason  depends  upun  lIil  practical  reason, 
^^-  praaiaai  a  a>i  be  assumed  to  hv  true;  for  this  is  ren- 
^'-'^\ry  ai  <  !  :=  r  to  account  for  the  facts  of  the  moral  expe- 
hi-  naaptance  of  the  practical  reason  he  calls  'rational 
■  ''^^^  ^•^^^>  {^-nii  I'tucrht  he  had  superseded  both  Dog- 
''-  ^^kLplici^la  h',.  li^e  cniica!  1  liiloQnpbvA  in  the  Kritik 
-^■''  ^■^■/;a\a  /  cnmuff.  thri-.  fnro,  he  ^ah.  rhinites  the  reason  to  the 
uiv'<-r<:u]A[v-.  !!:a'aa-  it  a  na  i  -  haiid-maid.  W'hilr  in  ilie  Kritik 
/'li-  p'-.iktisciui!  I'crminft,  on  the  other  hand,  he  exalts  it  to  a  -u- 
priaaicv  a!)ove  tla  a-  lerstandine.*  Thus  Kant's  doctrine  appears 
'hfi.aaai?    ivuiii    auirrna    ;,.  .|i.;.   ,  a'   view.      A*^   n    philosopher   in   the 

hr  a,  na-  na    possibility  of  knowia-  God,  etc.;  while 
ni-  m  ila      ractical  Reason,  hi     'm-  room  for  a  rational 
Uia  -   iniaoubtedlv  represents  what  he  regards  as  the 
•^'-  iii'naatc  pvjuu  ui  view.^     To  i\w  pare  reason,  then, 
a-    la;   a;n  only  fictions,  bavin-   no  reality  whatever; 
u   na  I  a  q  aa-'P-  they  do  not  exist  at  all.'      To  the  pure 
10  constitutive  but  only  n  -ulative  function,  and, 
hii    ^round  in  experlcncc.^     Uiih   iii  the  practical 
a  t     t'le  position  of  experiences.     There  thev  are 
:n  ai  a  matters  of  immediate  faith  and  perception. 
a  laa  sees,  the  phenomena  of  the  moral  conscious- 
aata.  ut  the  reality  of  the  Ideas  of  Reason;  and 
reason  ii>j!  cannot  exist  if  its  ideas  are  but  cobwebs  of  the  brain. 

J  HI.  p.  7. 
^  Ibid.,  p.  340. 
^Ihid.,  pp.  371-2. 
^Ihid.,  p.  345. 
^Ibid.,  pp.  364-5- 
^  Ibid.,  pp.  369-70. 
^  Ibid.,  pp.  101-2. 
^Ibid.,  p.  105. 
^  Ibid.,  p.  362. 


Inghaf  ana 


the'^e   ! 

whiK'  \. 

laa; -•  ■■y 

?  h 


n ,  ■    ' 


I  i 


aa\  < 


i  !.;a  •! 


rca>La]  iit  ■  I  a-.  \-  . 
nn  ]ono-cT  ticn^  'I 
in  lia.  M'lar=-.  ; 
ness  eann-  ■:   vw 


JACOBTS   METAPHYSICS. 


71 


Here  Kant  thinks  there  is  in  the  human  reason,  as  the  law  of  its 
truth,  an  immediate  knowledge  both  of  nature  as  the  real  in  general, 
and  of  its  ground  which  is  God.^ 

But  neither  can  the  Ideas  of  Reason  be  proved ;  for  proof  depends 
upon  something-  outside  of  thai  lu  hr  i^roved.  It  is  a  p^rucc^^  ui 
reference,  a^  in  geometry,  where  one  ihiiur  i-  nrnved  l^v  reference 
to  another,  S-  "f  w .  wivji  a  proof  of  the  '-^^.-.^\g  of  God.  n  can  be 
given  only  by  sin  w  nig  something  outside  of  him,  and  upon  whicli 
he  depends.^  A-  ihi^  is  manifest!)  nnpossible.  no  proof  of  God  is 
possible  at  all.  It  is  \hU  tlia'  h  aubi  nlean^  when  he  says  that  God 
is  known  net  hx  a  c^neian.  a  hat  bv  an  intniti'-^i  ;^  and  than  a  fna] 
who  could  In    proved  would  be  no  God.^ 

It  would  a.  well  to  recall  at  diis  point  what  \w  have  previously 
said  regardin-  jacobi'  \iew  of  demonstration.^  ik  nw  r  aban- 
doned the  conception  that  vlen](ni^uana,n  moved  in  an  ideniu\\  that 
it  was  only  deduction  or  induction.  ui  therefore  never  got  beyond 
the  field  in  which  it  started.  That  is,  he  always  conceived  demon- 
stration to  be  analytic  rather  than  synthetic.  He  accordingly  never 
saw  the  significance  of  Kant's  methoe  nui  ihat  it  was  the  very 
method  he  wanted  but  failed  to  find.  iJut  it  is  scarcely  to  be  won- 
dered at  that  he  did  not  fully  grasp  its  meaning,  when  Kant  himself 
did  not  see  its  full  significance,  nor  the  universality  of  its  possible 
application. 

Jacobi  strongly  approve.-  !\:ini^  n^r-incnca  npon  the  personality 
of  God,  and  commended  Inm  tor  iia.  fact  that  to  him  the  term 
'  God  '  meant  what  it  laa!  always  meant. '^  In  this  respect  Jacobi  con- 
trasted him  \\iiii  the  post  Kantians,  especially  Fichte  and  >  i  a-. 
He  thou^hi  these, — particnlarl\  >chelHncr,  against  whuni  he  (hrected 
his  last  work,  Von  gottUchen  Dingcii, — made  nature  God,  and 
thereby  robbed  God  of  any  personal  or  even  spiritual  nature. 

i.icobi's  view  of  the  pi  .blem  and  the  develop- 
'-'vi'}.       i  ia-   w  a-   10  nnd  a  place  fur   reality, 


^^ 


,n;* 


:  1  e 


worlds   of 


-^'m^ 


ibl 


e   ana 


:nnr'r. 


ment  of  modern  pa  ,  ..  . 
both  objective  and  .^uhjectn. 
sensible  exi^tnaa  Descarti^  ha  I  assumed  the  reahty  of  the  -ab- 
ject. Spinoza  lain  ended  by  attributing  jena  objectivity  to  extended 
essence.  This  Malebranchc,  j.nbrjiz,  and  Berkeley  had  tended  to 
reduce  to  mere  subjectivity,  till  a  more  incisive  thinker    THume) 

MH,  p.  363. 

2  Ibid.,  pp.  367-8. 

3  II,  p.  284. 

*  III,  p.  7. 

'  Supra,  pp.   lo-ii. 

•Ill,  p.  341. 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBI. 


^^Oft^-^ 


the    ^imr    rnnc^  rirn-    \i\<     Unnkiiicr   essence.      Thus    the 

<i''^'-   tlk-  .N-;//;/   wa-   ;<■-:,  and   w  iili   il    a!]   rralitv   iii  ^'a.ai'TaL 


rorf/o   f 


1 '    \\  >i-    :!. 


thi>    iH)iiu    that    Kani    iiiiiii/rtM, -k    v -,    rcc<  in^traict    laiH* 


'   !    '   " 


ri>t'arc  rraliis.     W 


r   naxa-   ^wn   tnat    iac^iiU   n*L::ir^  a/d   ira,- 


1    ''.    V    V,i 


ill-    \va: 


rott-rati' ai  ^r  tlir  -rn-iiih"  w-rj.:  a-  a  r.  aiiplrtf  faiJurr:  an 
not.  i-ntir-.  !}■  >ati-!uM!  waili  KaniV  ircaiiia/ni  f-f  tin-  Maprr-i  iwihlr. 
Ikit  lu;  wai-  -till  liaaa-  n:  (l<aiSM,  waa.  n  iu-  -aw  t!u-  t!a\a  a  ^laanu  to 
I'lclitt;  aiai   >d]iA\ii\i^.  ilaaa^ii   lu    '\\<\  ]\i  ,\.  tliink   thi-\'  raiaa,  naiif- !  Ua, 

t' ■    ilH'    >apai>nri-!l;ai,a      I  ia    lla  aiiih:    laal 


nu;   Kaiinaiii-in   in   Tciriiv 


Mahtr  r 


r!  aa 


a  1  ?  r .      ? 


'la-  !■ 'uaaai  r^'^iMi  > -i   fia'  -ul)irati\a-!a5  ^a    l\;aa,  aaa 


iiaa,t   hi-  lu  nial  ^f  ^  jna   wai-   <ha/  t 
^-^i}'^   that    tii'aiLhi    ha    -laauh    cahi 

<  1 1  h  r  a^  I  a    •;  -      i  a\t  •    "^  f  a  n  i  >  7  •  i   -      1  ,  <  •  t-  ,  -  ■ 

but  laa:  the  hnaLf  *h  (  k  'h    ••  '-• 


lahataai-hiti.      { 
-    -'.  -Uaii    ailaa-aa 


,   S      \        \      :.       i 


:  f 


\i  .     [  a  i_ 


. .  a  a  \  I  .    a  I .  I ;    ^  u. 


I  -  111*,    -ataie 
!'-  laatli'a   in  thf'!'  --'""'iils.^ 


lacnlsiN   ciatu:a-n-   <  .1    ihr    i  ihh*  .-*  a 'Ik    -a    "-^rhrhn]* 


fiihrr  iia/ataM/nt,  n  a'  1 1 


a  •  a !  a,  ■  - 1  a  a !  -  I 


lai '  -■(  •> 


•  ]  {■ 


V  '  na>  f]irrap!:\a;a-. 


a  a 


laa-  la  a]ataaa  thr  (pa-'a  a 


ai  -!    ihr  ]  »*  '>-Ujial\    ul  a 


ait  inaa   vxi  uanat  a  ai  ''<i   t  la„ 


Tf.     Si 


n.       ia    hi*^  onpoQitmn 
-i-   -'-   "a  iii    h;.    a:i-.-a!,aa   {•'  hah    hia'^aa"-  sa'.-n    \h.\\>   ih 
man,  thr  \\-^  aah.  anh  (  j<  -h. 

^ ''^"  hlna.-iipjia  «a   Sahiahna'  aj'prarrh   n^  Jacobi   !•*  thn\-   tht;   aar- 
^'■^naht;    *h   <  ,,h,   aiah   in    haa,   t  .   aaih.    na'arr    {n>d.     Tia 
'n  '^  knai  (a    Xaanahi-'a'  wlaai;  raa.,a'-.Naaa;  \   hiaat.  -  isaa  r-ni/ 


a.  -  a  a  s 


»i!  •     a 

t\iai~ 


I , 


I    T-  ;     i  1   ' 


int.-  -aataa-  *.  >  ka.i   aa/  origma. 

iHrn   aah    a   ihr   Ah-,  -aar.   ana 


■V  tin-  a. 


la  -  p'hat  »■>'  a  in 


i  1  ■  .  a  a  t."  na  !aa,a  ( ri  - 1  a," 


a  liait  I !  \'  a.  'v\-a  a  i  !rai'--i t  \ 

ta  aaih" 

\a;t    uant'>   t^  ■   aa.ar   a-   aiara,aah.*  (ahk'h    rata  aah 

\vhicr:  thi  ra.;  i-  a-  .aluaa  arai  ai  w'  '   ^    ' 

IH'--   h:  .    a:  a:    iaa,.aaah    i-    hlaa!    fa 

ainiaana-  u  >  aah   a.   Ah-  ^^aa/   ixh  :< 


r     '■(  ;.  V,  ,|i 


,1  a 


^M'  a\' h'ha'^'.   wa-h- ,;  j:_  ;.rih   ^^  ,•  ■A- 


.1,     '  i ' 


a  h>  ta.    a i(  r- 


[  jf*  aaa vi  ati-  ;  ai; 


1 ,, ,  J 


"^^ah;  an  una-  ai -aa  an-  a''ia\": '  A  , 
'■  sa  -n-aa  a-ia,  ,--  conld  iaa,T 
•^'^ '■"  '*•'• ' ' >  ;a ,       i  J aa  w  i aa a  is 


A    'aa.;   htaa'aa-,    a-    >ahrhnia    h^  h,',> 
.aa'''!''  aaiaaain.-  ii  i--  nap!  ^--i!)h.'  t,,  ^,  ,    i, 
a  aa\'ai'aH;a  ai  tin-  pr-Hti,  ■>-  ih  aai  anC'-n.- 

■'av  nui-t  lata'/  hc-va!  ia  thv  hraaaaa;a.  aah   tin-  '  n-a':a!   '''---•••  ,--'   a,,. 
uuivvr^i:    niti-t    ha\-r    aantaaaA    in    I'-'Ji  ai;    ti'a-*    n'^^a^-^^    '-•>■■    .-^.fc 

^'^--    '■''■    ^'  -.    -5.  ^'  .  1  ia.'   tia  aiant  of 


'"  I  la  liiat  laah  aaa^ 


i.  n^.'     (..  \  r 


Mh  I'.  .1'.-. 
■'/^^/,.   a.    -. 


/ 


'1^^ 


JACOBI'S,  METAPHYSICS.  -^ 

such  a  blind  nniaerse  gradiKi!])   developing  itself  from  aii   .aernitv, 
and   at  last    pr'Aavia;a   mind,    i-    r.      h:a  h:   c-aaA.aaX.-    ai.-aaia      If 

providence  anh  taiiA'.aii  did  lu  i  ^xi^t  ai  tia^  hi.'aaaanaa  tia.  n  ha.-«   do 
not  c-xi-t  n^a\-:  anh  tin.-  Cnd  -f  >*,orati-  an  '    '  ""  '      -     ■-     ■ 

btit    a    tair\    taii  a'      "  .i  f   laar-  'i    aaii    .-^■i^t 
worlh  ran-t  ha\a.-  a  rai 


aii< '.  a: 


lai  : 


.  ^1 1 1 


esseiKt<     .!a   a   i 
Oi]i\'   mail,  r  ila' 


, . .  f  ' .  1 .  -  a 


'     -  ^  ■  ^  '  V  V,   1   .     .  i .  A  .      .   ;.  w  1.  i   ,     I  i ;  ( .  I  1     i  ;  .  ,  ,  ^  ;      i  ill  > 

anav.      >aaai    aa;    r--iaaa.-    \\a/   aan    v''aa.a.h\-c 
1    hnaaain   laila-naiU;    a^a;    ja.'rsontiiia.a   an'i   liie 
charava<  la -aa-   w'aali    1    laaa  ■uaazr  a;   T---jti   -.,,,  •;]',,  a^.'-a,  .^     -  a,,      i  ,.,..-, 

>'  '1-^  "i^-'ti- ^n-na--.    i  hihrr-lanhiaiL:,    i-h'r',.A\hh    1    a!a.;a    attri:)ntf    to 

^'^'■"-   •    ■    •     '  --^    ':;a:-a.-i    a.--vTaaai    i  hchiiat   ariake^,    a.a-   tia^    taAaa.)us 
^aaa  1,  •'  \  ,.-.a.,     -■    \   .   ♦i.a      .      .       •  •       ^  ,  .      . 


a'  'W.a- 


t  - : ) ,  ■ '  '  \ '  a 


he  hi2:hest 


i^^'^i, 


liia  .'iilx'  p  'W'.  I'  tiahx    ha.  aai  ]>;,.    -.,  m.  u  teaches  faith  in  a  first  all- 

'•■-•■'•"^    aai  aiavaiar,   ni    a    raiaaah   atiilaa"   and   law-giver   ul    ratttire, 
Hi  a  .--aapa  ajuii  \\lik_,  1-  -i 
iha    anite  ran*;nn   caiai 
raa-'  ai  i-  ■■  -i   aaaa  i-  aah 

biiiiy,  or  it  is  of  Goh  aai  i^  saritA    Jacohi  la  Id  that  reason  is  bpaat, 
and  IS  (...ana'-  :\    aiiinant  ii'^an  ^cnihjiht;-  \aha.ai  naa.'  hi-  a  power  of 


'i^  vA'  p  fr'-t>i   hnaitional  nature.     Either 
i  n]\    tia    complete  developmana     i  sensi- 


naui 


i  I 


\a  a '  I  a  1  n  ai  '>-"  '  h 
h\!a^totle  hn<  n^ada  it  ai^ar  liiat  t'a.  ra  ara  onlv 
two  aaia-  -a  jhai--.  lAar-,  h]<  m.  whio  conceive  that  tia;  more  com- 
plete I  r  ceeds  from  tia  h  -^  c-  n]]a<tv.  and  those  who  conceive  the 
most  complete  i- ■  he  tir-a'^  hha  one  inake-  ii  ncce>>arv  to  tia-'k 
that  a,  parposeles-  aa.alaia'-a!  pr.  haces  er<^odness,  beaiit\a  ana  n-nii  ; 
''*^''^''  ^''*^  oiia,a-  ara:-  tia.  ^c  ai  (.-.h  aah  tiia  universe  becomes  their 
^nih^'du^irut.  r-iiah  \v.  th*  a  ,aa\  t^aa  tlic  universe  arose  from  self- 
independent  mechani>m  \^nla  nt  aanse  or  uai  :  ^  a-  does  it  pursue  the 

good  anh   A.-anahha--- i-   a    tia    w  ah  of  prosih^na.a   lia.    araaiti.  a^   <  f 

God.  J.  hl  ha'i.  a  .h'aia  ■-  liaa-aa  an-i  \yp.s  the  iia'aiaii  faith  fa'  ha^ 
worhj  ])afnrt;  piai--  piaaai  -cience  arose.  Aataralism  arose  only 
witl]   pt  V  Illation. 

It  may  hi  an-aoah  that  nature  is  not  takvii  as  the  mere  coinuit 
of  all  bcuip.  i-at  a-  hia'  ''aaaii  iaaags  forth.— the  absolute  produc- 
tivity itseli,  thi  -!aiivalLSS  and  objectless  productivity  with  is  in- 
conditioned  either  from  the  front  or  rear  (1"  a  re  or  after,  a  parte 
ante,  a  parte  post)  ,  that  it  is  not  ai  any  way  ihi:  thing-  produced — 

'II,  p.   ii8. 

2  Ibid.^  p.   123. 

3  IV,  a,   pp.      0    ^  :vi. 
*Jbid.,  a,  pp.  32-33. 

5  III,  p.  378. 

6  Ibid.^  p.  382. 


t 


74 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBI. 


the    ii.iniicy   of    ^inirle   essence — or   the   content    of   all    being;    but 

1  iKil   a-:.:   unchangeable  b^  inL:.   the  being  of 

'  a  !iu.   power  of 
aii  i   (efficaciously 

1^  ihc  uiih   iiiw  dial  ii\u;i:  H'"'':.     Ti-'  God  of 


the   ah^.  Miur   pr.  ^.hicn,\ai\ ,      Tin-    holy,   eternal,   ci 
tla;    wi^iaa    wiia-h    pr-^-hirr-    all    llnnia-    from    il-eil. 


1 1 


tiirasni,  oi 


i      i  S  I  i.        I 


t  i        f  1  1  >  ^ 


i-nai  \ ,  i-  I  'n]\  an  h'-ii  a-l  idol,  a  cobweb  of  tlie  brain, 

^t    h;  aMs-  a-  marning  the  works  of  this  God:    Are  not 
thesi  ahaapes  merely  unc  aial  ihc  satiK^  wnh  liimself,  or  only  present 
r  .t'c  thev  pA'^n  i  ui-a(]a  -?    iain:     1/   ih'^\-  arc  only  in  him, 
'hay  mere  changes,  modinaations  of  himself;  and  there  is, 
n -ihinp  aiaau'd  except  tiDic.     '!  hia  ,  whui  we  identify  God 
ar     1    ';h    aniverse.  we  sav  that  God  is  eternally  the  same 
aa"!   paaniiU.      ii    w  ai  '.    iluTefore,   be   impossible  that 
iiai   be   aip-    change,   unless   he   himself   were   the  change- 
ai..  ila    temporalness,  the  reciprocity  itself       ft   may,  indeed,  be 
:a(l  that   liiis  changeableness  is  in  its  root  an  unchangeable, — the 
:    creaiinfr  power  oi  Lha  world,  only  in  its  fruit  explic- 
iMta  so  ihai   nf  nnv  ninnicnt  thc^  n'^l  of  the  essence  does 
Aaa^  a^'iingly,   a    \'..)uid   1-r    aaa- aaah-,    *lait    ihe   creative 
^    Ma    aa!  aaa-ia-  ( lod  ix|)ras>(js  from  eternity  becomes 
e  calls  forth  non-being  out  of  being,  as  the  God  of  theism 


V  !  1  \    II 


ii'i  iiaa 
\\  !*  a  a 
Hi    a  a  a. 

Ilaaa.'     : 


1   ; 


11'  >\    i  : 
\Vi  >y<  ; 

nathn 


Cclii^    a 


i  I  i  i 


jciii^  ;.a:L  ui  iiuii-bcinir.^ 


?-.' 


<n 


wv  nre  compelled  to  conclude,  without  going  further, 

tbnt   iht    a  aasit    I   nothing  is  that  which  alone  is  true,  or  to  admit 

thi  \ai\\  a-  amaccepialA  laai  nature  is  all  and  diat  there  is  nothing 
(  utMa<  .  f  and  above  it.  I'^or  so  much  is  eluir  to  ev.  i\  unprejudiced 
pLTcsi'n.  I  bail  If  aaiuix  ks  nuliimg  r^tjicr  than  tla.  liojv,  etrrnnl, 
crcntMi-a  paginal,  laawar  r.f  tl^e  world,  which  produces  and  lamgs 
5'^-?'  aaiixa/iv  al'  lannp-  ir-ni  itself,  ihri]  :lie  world,  with  all  that 
^^  5-  at  an\  moment  <a  its  actual  explicit  being,  is  nothing;  that 
than  ni^.  caaa-a  which  bring-  iurili  ilie  world  that  from  eternity  to 
atiraax    la-ses   over   from   one    form   to   nnntbu-    form   of   nothing, 

'1  tla     ame  measure,  as  its  effect  is  nothing. 
aause  is,   inbr.A.   nothinor  other   ibaii   its 


niu>i   U-a:!   br  nothii 
T  \]i.    f  ai  aa-  a^-aaua,    =  ■  i 
vtii  at  ;  aab 


!  <  •■       111 


';^ 


^^^-'^  it  a  -apates  in  ta^ry  moment  all  that   a   \-  able  to  com- 

pba^.- a-   Lu-caa^    i-  nui  najre  complete  thiMi   ii>   x't-uTflav.   nnrl  its 

t^'-aaaa'-w    i<   n.  a    -nnrc;   rnnTnb^t'^   than    a-   to-da\a      b.    ''aa-ii^-!a      hi 


t  la !  t !  1    h  la  a  I 
itsalf,   that 
taaa-.      T 
anil  tiu' 


M  '    M,   U 


)a'    makes   onl\ 


tn:    rtuaaa    abanec   m 


i  .  ; 


itt'^>    aa'^aa;..    -fit,,   n    -]\-,'x  baab   raa-nally  to 

^•'■'■ctit-  taa-.  H!  ari  aaa/vsai*  !''-a:ar. -aa^v  ,  ibi>  i^  an  ii>  blc, 
t"'"^-  C'aa.ai  ta  a-  au;.  pjaij.  lii'/rAi'v  (]nc<^  u  a\a-^  and  do 
ai'--3a-- 


1/ 


JACOBI'S    METAPHYSICS. 


75 


all  things  which  it  does ;  it  has  no  higher  aim,  no  content  of  life."^ 
All  this  seems  to  mean  that  it  is  Jacobi's  opinion  that  tb.c  natural- 
ists' world  cannui  be  a  developing  world,  inasmncli  n^  u  riabv  cannot 
produce  anything  above  the  dead-level  of  mechanical  movement. 
This  would  not  be  a  true  developuK  ait.  ^  i-t  only  ai:  atarnal  change, 
with  no  more  in  the  effect  than  in  the  cause.  Xaaaaadism,  therefore, 
cannot  account  for  anything  above  mechanism,  cannot  speak  of 
God,  of  divine  things,  of  freedom,  of  moral  good  or  evil,  or  of 
proper  morality;  for  tbcM-  would  demand  a  true  development  rather 
than  a  mere  change. 

Even  less  could  there  be  said  to  arise  anv  consciousness-  which 


paining  even 


could  in  any  way  be  called  absolute ;  nor  could  sucii  a 
give  rise  to  a  finite  consciousness.  It  would,  indeed,  be  nothing  but 
a  form  of  materialism ;  for  since  it  starts  with  only  mechanical  na- 
ture, it  is  obliged  to  explain  all  things  in  terms  of  mechanism.  And 
ti  jaa  .bi  has  shown,  knowledge  and  morality  both  imply  principles 
which  are  not  natural  (mechanical),  which  cannot  be  given  a  nat- 
uralistic origin,  and  whose  operations  cannot  be  explained  as 
naturalistic  processes.  Nature  is  non-rational  as  knowdedce  is  non- 
natural.  This  shows  a  faculty  in  man  wdiich  is  above  nature,  and 
different  from  nature  ^ 

"  To  this  result  have  we  attained,  since  v  a  presuppose  the  con- 
cept of  nature  as  an  independent  (self-dependent)  essence  which  has 
nothing  outside  it  as  its  cause,  and  nothing  outside  it  as  its  effect, 
but  which  fully  determines  itself  as  both  cause  and  effect,  w^orld 
and  world-creator,  the  complete  union  of  both.  We  found,  as  the 
basis  of  this,  the  monstrous  thoughts  of  tlie  idcntitv  (an  idem  esse) 
of  being  and  non-being;  which  identity,  however,  should  be — not 
the  identity  of  the  manifestly  nothing,  but  the  identity  of  the  uncon- 
ditioned and  the  conditioned,  of  necessity  and  freedom  ;  in  lacp,  the 
identity — of  reason  and  unreason,  of  good  and  evil,  of  things  and 
nothings  "^ 

But  the  human  reason  rests  on  diversity  in  these  conceptions,  and 
demands  the  opposition  and  indestructible  dualism  of  the  super- 
natural and  nature,  of  freedom  and  necessity,  of  foresight  and  blind 
accident  or  a'aaice.'*  Jacobi  noticing  this  practical  dualism,  and  the 
Trirh  whicii  he  binds  in  man,  maintains  this  dualism  firmlv,  thoug-h 
he  says  that  nature  is  that  finite  which  stands  in  connection  with 
God   the   infinite.      He   thus   evidently   tries   to   avoid   an   ultimate 

^  III,  pp.  392-3. 

^Ibid.,  p.  397. 
^Ibid.,  pp.  393-4. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  394. 


o 


TIIK    riilLOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBL 


I 


JACOBI'S   METAPHYSICS. 


dualiMii.  tl].n'-h  lie  :~u-  n^.  wav  tn  nv.-a<]  a  r^racticai  i-ur.     TTr  v:n-< 


man  >  Iscuh-  is  nru-  with  thr  iiU'aliar 


^i   naiarv,  hat  inai   la-   -turit 


:    1         t 
'.    1  I 


caaa;   s'lrtcih'    ii"<  ai   (i'Hi.'      Ara!    la-i    a-   laari    !\a«a\'-^   iia' 

a!)('aa'  natiiia;,  >-,■  he  kn!a\>  tlau  abia^  him  i>  an  ail-lnaav:3i  L--ciice 

Ga.h- 

f'   >■  l*iani  !'-    lac<>r!i  that  ^iich  a  aahaa-^c  av  nr'i"r:i1"x'>i  (',■-;-. -^U 
^\:'^^-'*    1- ainna:-'  an^   uaa   w-uila   hi    hni  a   'ni'ait.'vi-   ialiniii;.'      !» 


cana'  a  hr  ^r«ainaad  fa  n-r'a  a.  4- 


■ihli 


a  .  5 


^'-'i  '-  Hi  4  t  ,,  ^h  iria!   it 


a  i;   V. 
t   (a-; 


1  1  I 

a  a,.'! 's !  ihf 


1 1 1 


1 1  \ 


"r 


iKii afv'   cata ■'  a    . n.;   ( h  | n  a=  :>  vA    ■ 
:i   f-rt!i  an^I  auiM   luu'r  h^  aaa 

\'>'iaCil    i-    ia,i.-r    ail- 1    \\']\ 

"  By  the 

to     I'-.X't/l'iN   )!]  ^ 


r  aaa  laa.a 
i  hi'   a?  Miaia-i*  a 


nine, 


,  1 


<it ,  ;a 


jiu 


aani  a  Ml  1  at 


,  -J . . . 


a  conclusion 


hiniosophically 


''■■"'     '"  '•--  aajH  ,.Miiaa\ ,  i\\r  !  wo  opposite  parties,  the 

la'aaraa-i-  aja;  ihr  ihaists,  ha\a,   aiwax-  rrfriaaal  in  oia,-  \va\-  or  other 

to  the  >a:ar    aaiharaa:  aA    p- ^naipir,    \  iz.,   thai  ui   tia    ana.  laUuuiicd, 


and  al\\'a\  ,•-  w  !Ui  ua 


r.  a^on  or  imrea^'^n. 


•»     i( 


Tiaca'^<a!a ; 
become  ;  ' 


j ,  II  ii , >,( 


'"  ':aannih"ia' 


a  aivhi    has  not 


rca5i.aa   •  r  , 
rh!]r,..^pla,r: 

-  \''>'  'a-a-    a-, 

caa-v    1^    ih' 
n   rr  f" '  •  •  T '  a     t  ] 

■■  )       I  1 

J  ;a-    aiar' 
and  c;ia)-r. 

it   a~    i!-a-   m 
t  ]  1  ■•  i  *■  ♦  a ,  -  ■ '  a  - 

L i  1  ci  s,     I.  I  Ik    :      i  I  < ; 

Tia'  laarn   < 


1 1t 


^■'^'^^->'      -^'i   'birrwaii  a:l  time  order,  presupposes 

^'^''-^';    5hai     h!    conditions   presuppose   an    uncon- 

:    tliis    iruiii,   as   an    immediatf^    presupposition    ,  f 

'   a   I     :a!!va   <^alf- revelation   has  U^  u    recognized   by  all 

i  a- \     -pa-ate   only   on    ihc    (|uestion    wiiether   this 

'■'  h^     -'  '     r  a  aause.     That  it  is  a  ground  and  n<it  a 

■pmion     a   hiir  ;aauralists;  that  it  is  a  cause  an*!   not 


A  .h 


■■.,..:  V 


•a-a-Ksion  of  the  principles   of  ground 

-  a^'v.  ira  -liiM'  hr  rfwa^raed  as  funda- 


vm    aa\  1,-    in -I 


aaar 


1  i    .1 


'  la  h</   rraaiakal 

"aiiurahbts   iruni   Spuiuza   tu   >>  iaHinnr 

-\''h-v.i[\u^i\  the  principle  of  ground  f- a-  tliat  of  aanse. 

naai^a    ]n.,\v,-:i)   {\u-   tu-.     a^   aiai   tIa,    farmer  excludes 

The  former,   ihcici-jrc, 
't  It  uaa^    tia_    praivapK-  .a   i^a,    nnivc^^e,  would  render  the  universe 


w  \')t  •  t ■   1 ; ' t  •    a  1  •  t ,  f    1 1 1 , - !  1 1  a  .     t 


the  latter  alone  would  permit  a  devel- 


(j^jnaaa' 


a  ;ap-   !aa\a'r-e. 
- 1_ 


a   iw 


•\\' ,    1 


never  understand  the  term  'ground' 


1  III,  p.  300.     Cf.  also  p.  458. 
"  Ibid.,  p.  401. 
^  Ibid.,  pp.  402-3. 
^Ibid.,  pp.  403-4- 


1 


a :-  a  a  \  1  aa  !L 
ol    an 


I  an"  1  aaa  l  ;a    a^  ■]\\ 


.ai 


a  e*^  L .    lai  -^    a  a  a  ^i.  a    i/na  a 


aU/aa.  ua,-  ahaa,'sq  ra  i;^. 


crin 


!'!« 


I  ,a , .        ^  ,1 

i  i  1  i  !f    c  ia] ■:  ]k:\  i  i    aria'va  ra 


1 


^■• 


'  A'tri'aanat;<"' :a 


i  a  ere 


con-'a-n-at^..    a  a   ua/   vA'^    ' 


ir  aania  4    (h,   1 


t^a    pan- 
the   coma 
ho\vr\a,  ra 
v:i  at  --aia 
the    ah-a'  . 
laai  a   tla 


1  '         !    !  '  . 


\\    \  .'    ■■  A 


i  U  i  *  1 


\  a :. : . 


ra,;  ( laa'aara'  =  a  ume 
' ' '  a '  *  'aai .  n  i.a :a'  ^'  i •  •  uaa  ^  a  iva>.i  ana  i,.a i  vc,. .  A  -, 
-  riU'ai  la-a^vds  out  of  ilu  a;ani\  aiaa  h.  a  A  aia,.-  iii  a 
i}  )•  =^ar. ;  t^  ^a^'i'-^."!".  \\a;  \v.i  a\-  '  ' 
%  >•  it  i:  ■!',  .^^ ^    1 ;,-... ,     a,.     ,.  , ,, 


nan,   n   w- 


1  V.   I 


I  i : 


ainpa-  nito  irranaii    ^>uij- 


ccl  niaa  iiicrc  co'in-raaiaa    =  aia- 


. .(., 


\^n   \ 


^n -^ -^  nit'~  '"-uo  aia  it  ^ ■ 


cii  U.'I;  [ 


ai' ;  ;!■  ';  a  >  aanse 
pAavi  :he  single  and 
■  ':-^n'  ^a,  :a-  anchan":- 
-A'  vaannatrr.  Wha  r.-  xvv  cann.  a  pn  aa,nA  ni  ila>  manner,  anti  in  .air 
o>r]~~]:[^.-:d:^-    art    rip    ^a    taar,    there    we    attain    to   no    insight,    but 

'^<-    'i-     'i''     I'^asts,    mere    expectation    of 


acnaa' 


Si  1  aaa!'  aa, -'  - 


f 


i  ai  i.K. ar<-» '  i*  i   jac  Ai  t- ,  1 


^^  ..<-'.'  .a la  .  a  !iat_    i  la^   laata, ■ 

li   aat    [\]<:   jaaatatA,-   ui   c« 'tari  ^ositi^aa 


a'  'na^^pi 


laajie-a 


.  •  ■   I.,  a  n  ^ « 


cinli 


time,   ana   li^n 


^  if'  itaah   * 


!     .1 


.r   ,  M  aa 


nl-i'ie     1^     t]a'     'irp^- 

n  used 


n  'i 


iheists.  aa;h 


V,Ci.:     ail     Ui  \  ri'  ■]  in  :rn 

s 

1   t,,  ,.....„..,,aa.   a,       - 


u 


■  t !  a :  V,  a, ! 


cnange.     .\ 
H.'  i^  the  pra 


\a: 


a . 


excludes 

a/^  -a-M,     >o 

A/  i  f  the 

:a.,^^.  that 


niaa'a-- 


wit. 


Ancient 


ai 


■"o^"fa-,   t'lraa   admitting   t 


I 


■■| 


^  \  ae'aa-   aa: at     .\  a t  ttr'  :       mm 

1     -    .  1 


t  -n/ih 


!'!  1  1 


'■   T  ( 1  ( 1  i '  ^  a  ( '  V I  ■  >. ' '  •'  ' '!    'I'll'  ni  -■  -  >  t   ♦  a. ,  „ .  ■  ,  -,  ^ . , .  ^ 
''^''  c:\'.-:]r  t  n  M  A      \\h-  mta.    -;t\'   that   ""  tie 

appears  to  a-  nri-i ---aiAx'  a.-  a   ainn,ale,  as  at' 

the  hunam   ttithi  rntinhia 

what    a:a!    ur    e-ctia    :ae 

whuh]  !-  ai'ce^cat  a\    n^  i' 

necesstnav    erratrh    w^--] 

thniKtna  ita'i-t-,      :-.  ■  tiit 


nii:ai-es, 

'}    -a}-inp-  ifiat 

'  a  tite  tiaa-ts, 

t   t'te  tinix '  rse 

t   .  because 


A-, 


-  possible  unh    what  hcc^iucs, 


tinixm--.e.    h 


owcver.    '^    sona  ti'ais^ 


fe. 


uralists :  How 


a 


1  - 1. '    i  a  J 1 L '. 


\  :i-  tit.    ^  heator.      Thi^  last,  that  God  has 
tmaatv,  is  not  denied   h>    men   the  deep- 

tt>ni.  n  vexes  ihent  n-a  It-,  tlum  the  nai- 
c:u]   proceed    ironi   thr   iraimte.   the  manv 


from  the  onenla  a'aiap.  a'A  mmporal,  from  the  unchangeable  eternal; 
^  III,  p.  451. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  452. 

3  This  shows,  as  wc   have  all  along  contended,  that  to  Jacobi  'reason'  became 
more  and  more  a   form  of  thought  rather  than   of  feeling. 

<III,  pp.  453-4.     Cf.  also,  IV,  b,  pp.  145-6;  and  II,  pp.  184  ff.     Cf.  Piinjer,  op. 
cit.,  p.  625  ;  also  Zirngiebl,  op.  cit.,  pp.  9-10. 
6 


M 


78 


THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   F.    H.   JACOBI. 


huw  iiich  :i  prucc:?^  can  go  on  incessanih .      One  may  choose  either 

of   thr    t\x.   :    n--iin-o    vith    the   natiirahsts    tliat    the    unconditioned 


or  Ah-- 
conditioned,  ilu 

ditinnrH   .  ! 

t^>    r:i:.i* 


li     \\  !  1  it'i  1    rr;'i ■-( 


)n  presupposes  is  onl\    tlu    >iil)strate  of  the 


a"   \]]i"  all ;  or  wiili  liu'  thr'y 
::h     :     a  self-consciou^,    fr  . 

\rn.    an    a,n-h:'^hc<t    inf(;11i?"(^nr("'    w-ia 


(  n ' ;  ■ 


:  r;  a  1 1 


nnpus>it):r   m 


in  ihr  '-h(,  r  t-^  fX])!a:n  ihi„   hcin£r  of  ila 


'v  C! 


liiai  *!:<•  luicon- 
aa-M  .    analogous 

ii.:'  a.a,^a-'anLr  to 
la  '  'la^  i-h'  "ice  as 
ai  origin  out  of 


f  'a 


bllCil   a    a 

We  tliia>  .>ci 


5     1 , 


lane  as 


aaa-  r   ni    inr  aunne 

cnn-nniiNiit^--.  timiiL^h  la;  also  say>  tiaa.  m  an-ahir  wa-.  tia.  Absolute 
i-^  ah<  aa-  laav.  ll'iv  u!n\a.  r-r  ha-  ■'-[  a  '<-a;a'a'al  la'.l  a  loc^ical  de- 
pai'a it/ia.a;  ai-'-n  hiaa  la.  lat\a;a  ai'rau,-a  u  h'^^a  aH  ai^iaia-v.  \  bein^" 
t' '  wii-'a::  laac  15  an  uba/a!,  aai^L  ui  ^unlL  ^tn^c  in  ah*  a'c  lanc,  liiough 
in   a]:'^:;a/r   -an^a  tinia   can  f-   into  the  var\'  (a;n:!^c/   -f   li^-   C'^a^-^cious- 


ness.  'Thai  i-.  ^aiaA.^aaA;,  lime  i-  h:^  !A_uh;i;  wAa-,  a-..;holog- 
ically,  la  i^  uiiirat  to  the  concept  of  time.  This  i-  aa a  ahicdly 
trni  ;  i  the  aah\a:aa:  aonsciousness,  and  probabh  1-  n  uv  ni  some 
\\a;  of  the  alj5(jhiu  v  n>ciousness,  though,  not  havai-  lia  ^ame  nat- 
nrai  c\  cles  as  man,  ihr  absolute  consciousnes>  wah  ai"t  in  ihe  same 
sense  be  subject  to  time. 

Jacob;' 
(a   ii'/ina' 


Ti-iiViU'A    i;a    object-subjectivity,   or   thi    absolute  identity 

aai   a^  ■n-aiuu^ne^-.    w  ha'a    wai^   a   pha«e  ni   >ah!Ain^\   nat- 


uraa-a 


a    I  area   witli 


titai  I  at;  ('xiciaira  •^'at^aaiiar. 


nnoza  t! 


u;   K  a 


;hn  l!nnt^!n£r 


ication;  '.-  neces- 


saia 


11)^1.  1 


i     '  .       VI;.  '.. 

C'  !na<  rnr 
{•  .■-  h-  .a! 


;''\\!a   and   so  is  of  no   \a.hio  to  nam   a;   j^ractica 

Va'  U  i-  La|aa.a\    unkiiLA\n,  a'ah  a>    na"  a-   h 
a  hocninc^  11' aliinc".      I'a*    hirolM  h-A--   lA 
?.'.  anh  \\]   Kiia   r^  aai"' :  -  hi-  -  a.  a  .a:-  <  >af  wai  I 
!rahn]>aia\    becomes,   in   his 


u'i'hia. ^  i> 
,  -1    1 ''  •,  - 


1        '    '  ! 


t    ainty 

hcuie. 


I  u,  in  a  a    []]( 

1  hr    a-iaa-    ana    nah\a;n.h    thincTS    of   the     w^aA!    aia/    nossibk    tailv 


bvaan 
t!a.   vs 


'<aair  taaai-nac  ui  Uic  ideas;  aan;  iha  nahiiplicity  of 
hsa.-  Mi;:-.   ]>(>cause  of  the  onrliar  (>nr  whinli  produces 


ia  and  whuA 


pnau-,    dMt,- 

tidhaity. 

who  i>>  diU' 

it  bn^  n^aa' 
1  -  , 

I  (  I  !  •  -  ;   :  .         .  i  !  <  ! 

St„ii  '^i;    w  •  aa 


1 1  :->  t. '  i 


f  !!■  a  multiple  bnt   tra'y  0)u\-     A!ia     liia  multi- 

aa      aie  unity,  but  the  unitv  prrxaa--   the  mul- 

a"  'things'   rvyaaa-^   a    -A  ['-LXI^LcnL   hcine 

''  da-  wh:-  I-  tia,   >'>urcc  ui  iha  naiidj  A,aa  \\  and  in  wliMHi 

a-      ■   h'a-  Platonic  doctrine  is  not  further  from  mate- 

a   a-^   !!    -a  idealism.     A   considers  the  actuality  of  the 

II-     hjectivity;  considers  the  actuality  of  the  highest 


Mil,  pp.  409-410. 
iJbid.,  p.   4 -'9. 
^Ihid.,  pp.  455-6. 


JACOBI'S    METAPHYSICS.  79 

cause;  the  truth  of  the  ideas  of  the  good  and  beautiful ;  distinguishes 
the  supernatural  from  the  natural,  the  created  ironi  the  uncreated' 
the  world   from   u.  creator;   tliat   i<.   it   i.   rlecidclh    Aia]i<ric  and 


\  \ 


n:\'-<r  ]]<^y: 


(hra  c:  criticism  of  mode 

'■V  evident    :>\   ■  • 


ached   ihr  aonclusion  of  our   ladew  of   Tacobi's 


V", 


dlnlosofdti  r-  fr.  .n    1  )t,-,^caia.i-^ 

=  ^  -:. '.      i  ai.,  i.aji  ^    ] 


X 


I  -  a; 


a^ 


i  ^    ^;  o  1  n  1. 


aada, 


01  vbpinoza  atid   jx 
<'lcerH''-t  nieat] aa >"  >.  • 


^''  tiception  of  liu  a  a/  /, 
iur  some  time  ntt^aaia^'d- 
a    f-r'iri   not    as    somethn 

element  the  niath  c   lai  ' 

said    {•  •'-  SiAialin--  liKit 


iif'-r 


;  r 


na.;e 


Ide    case 


at  ine 
a  nai- 


'"   ' '^■*-^'' 'tntnL:'   nt'.a'ra -cnL.d^"   i.a'ah,Ta 
'  '^  -"   -* '   '  ^.'aas  \    an   a  d-ad'-a' ;.  aja  '   d- 

'■'  '''^"  ^■-■^^•'   '  d   txaiu.   lac-  A-  ad^adra  lAc 

-  ha-  ha\  and 
^'^'  ^'"^"I'^^d  a  ^  lacara  Katitb 
''''■'    ^apaiauaaa    bnt    as    the 


f '  ■  t  '  •  a  - ' '!  *    f  a . . .     - ,  ■ . .        .,    ,, ,  . , 
=-  ■  V  ;  1  a,  . !  i     I  i  i, n.     \\  a  "'^    t, '  'n  iins  '] 


i  iiown 


''''■■"''     a  ^    '   a]  H  la  anCi. 
\  1  a  .. .. 


.e    a^ 
,1 


^inidaiA,   a,  aa-At  be 

I    -n   craviiA^lAy    .  -a,,    with 

ina    W'jrld-prOCc^^   a^     iaa-  hi    and.-.-pnrA         d-^    -a-,    ,-■■.- a>  I  1-. 

^  -  'Ca.-.       1 .,,,    cia-t^aa  it   a.-    dicobl  S 

own    \ae\v«:    rotiir    nut    ahieiK     -a-    /-riti/-;e,-,-,     ^4-    <^^  11,         *   , 

<  nicn\    n:   cnticnsm,  it  seemed  best  to  devote 

some   time  to  t  a   axaa  Aat     rt      i   ia^   critict.ms.     From   this   point, 
therf,  we  shall  try  to  gather  nn  the  main  features  of  his  own  views 
m  a  more  or  less  systematic  iurm. 

Jacobi    firmly    laAeved    it.    a    personal    A  a],    and,    accordin-lv 
stmncrly   approved    Kantk    niMstence   upon    ha     aer.onalitv   of  "Ihe 

^^■'■'"■■^      •'-^^-  '■■vaiaing  t<.  >ci;aaini;,  he  adde^i  had  ih^  ^^ 
laanre  deny  God.      Ata..   iar.unahtv  of  man  naitcad,-.  tia-  a,  r 
of  God.     ''  Witiiuui  a  dutna  Th.  a 
a  hiTinan   T  no  rfiviiir  Th^  ah'        I  ■ 

di  w ill  a la  :   da  ad^  ^i ti  tna 


•e  is  la 


■ncana- 


u  !  a.  I    I  i  i  i  a  a 


an  ndciiigeiicc  or  a 


1  la; 


rV,h 


■h 


V  ho  deify 

sonality 

h  \aithout 

t     consist 

?    \\  e   CuU- 

\vc  n^nst 

anthropo- 


ceu'a  da    aaa-a  •  a  tiic  \a<  -rdi 

concen,.     him    a^    a    lur.aia^      iia    renrfifv    nccepte* 

moipin.m  of  CArnaian   th.:.,,;,   ragardnt^'  it   not  as  a  defect  },■-   as 

the  necessary  oppoMic  c  1    ;  aait.sm  or  cosmotheism.^     It   is   what 

has  alvvavs  beei;  A;,ava  a^   tia-.-iW      ta..   ,•    -   :     ..,.^.  .t,       r 

•-    ■■     •  ''-  "  •       '•■--   di..'..  i>  not  therefore  cor- 
poreal;  yet  na  know>,  A.a>,  wih..^      There  is  no  other  kind  of  God 
-no  other  u^e  ui  die  word  A  valid.     ''  God  is  onlv  Gorj.  if  knowl- 
edge and  goodness  prevail  in    hi  ius  acts,  if  he  possess  a  fore-seeing 
'  III,  p.  460. 

*IV,  a,  p.  xxiv. 
^Ibid.,  p.  xlii. 
*  Ibid.,  p.  xlv. 
^  Ibid.,  p.  xlviii. 

6  Zirngiebl,  Jacobi' s  Leben,  Dichten  und  Dcnken,  p.  268. 
^  III,  pp.  422-3. 


.5 

.J 


So 


th£  philosophy  of  f.  h.  jacobi. 


].-  ^\\  iT    .!::•;     i..ii:ui. 


ilia!   <i  pni-r)n'^e  lie-^:  ni  'ih    h;i«;i<  ( 


J  hat    tl":i:i\-   iivii^L    hr  >iu;ii   a    ti<M;    i-   c.  \a-!^i:t    ir-ia    whai    I'aa]    fii^i 


m  liiiK-tai.  i'l-r.  qTaiiuiiL:  nain 
t''>  ha\a;  fia-cuf  iiii  all' ;  |i<  ^w  <,  r.  <  r 
r<')k;  «  a  -prctat'  aa"  Ai: 
i>  ahi  i\a,:  n -laa;  iia,' iiia. , 


;ava;t"'a    \\a- 


III  I  I   I.   .  '     '   \   .  I    !    .    ,    ,,    1 


iilia  aL/a!a.a     i-aa'^ 


lae 


•    a  i 


a!  :-t/i  1   a  p<  a\-'.  ''  -aaaaai 


>  >T    a*]    i.;^-s,aa,\    al »•  .\a;'   lin ap    u  I'wc] 


which     !-    <  a  ■(;. 


•1 ,, 


t     ri 


a^  ^aa:  v\  -h  ihi-  ilia'  C'ai^-aa  aa-aess 
!-  a- a  uK-iaax  'ai  alhaii^lR-^l,  l.)ilt 
laai' a  ah- i  ■  ^w  </r]\]<  i^  vr<  ,  l-ai  the 
wsaau-^-aa.  waa  ^  la'a-  wia,  aa>  •\Aat-i  pp-.  r'lva^  aa.  aa-!  :■  ^\'r  a^-a^  :-  it 
t;!aa.iL:ii  !••  ihrnix  -.a  (.itn]  a,-  an  a:t  a  ai  wraaii  la,  nlaa,--  ctriaai  a-aia:;|>-- 
ti'ai>;lia:i  ha  nia^l  iiaicra,  he  a  ]H,;r--n  ai  .a-<!.a''  a-  a'-a<.aaa  a  a"  th<.  !aat 
f^f  W'f^haaa  «  )th(a'"\\  1-'.  ,  \v^'vA]:i>  w^'al'i  not  l-a  aai/auaaac '  i"  r  A 
nirm  il'.a-  lan  accipt  ihr  -far  -'ha'auxa  lua-^'a; 
liaia-vif   tt  •  h','  iiofh'  ana   hi-   W'.i'-sin^  -a    (  != -i    i-    laat 


<  J  ''h  •aa/a  he  makes 


I  T  1  »  ■>  1   ».  ! 


1 !.   !  iaan   uisna 


1 : 


riaii:a  an  n«  >  aU'  aana  an  n^  ^  \\ 


'  i'  ■  * ! .   n a.  V <  ■   (,' 
la  -a,vs  he  w 


ItT   t;ir   \ava\'   ilKii    nKikf-    tj-Mi   aat    alol   to   ihal    wancl 

1 


i  'UV   "     :-i  11    .     {■■ 


ml 


t  H  ■ 


a-    ( 


waiuhl  i\vAr>^v  ah  ra\anrrnaa,  aaa;   -< 


it  -r    rr\'<.aa,  ncv-    cam  a  a     i  an-* 
iiivchani^nn'" 
^h  Ti'<  na/t 


1'  H 1   '  ^'a  \    \\  an    na/ 

•  \'v '  '^n  i' :  n!  -■I  ncriai  n   'fit 


\vuia--iiip  v^i 
:   ix^  n'^  true 

hh  i  \  ^']]  ] ire- 
■•  r-an^-      nlv 

^.^      Aila-iMii 

,,,av,-.,-.-7 


■e 


ac*  'hi    I  !n  annu 


■  nisanuv   ni 


aciava' 


aaiu''    i  a    (  n 


111    i]nn    ihf    iiicfhe^t    a-nna 

I  :M_^   '  •  1    lhL^c   a  ;r:i !  -,   aaa  !    1 1  a  -    ; 

1  ic  \M n  .,       ;! !  'I  ^     *  n  '■'  ] 


Spirit.  ^  nt  \  (!     lor    a    mere 

{-nnan:^  •:'>   of    nain 


1  Ul  •• 


H  a,        I  i ' ' !  ^  I ! !  a '  ^  =^ .    n  a  a  n  I  •■  ,    an'; 

■hn'./n\a'    h^'uii,'-    ti ;    In-    ara!.      '"  nn"    liit     .'i:oh-~ w 

h,a\a/  na^  aii-wn  r  it  ihiaa,-  in-  la  ■  in-h."''     TIa,    pi"' Alaai  -a" 
<n  H'-th  l!n.an  rr-oha'-'  iS-iaf  v  >•'   h^aA;   aa-  ha;  n'''''hhca. 


nr   1)0- 

r,-h      to 


■*■        ■  '  ■■  "R^  •  t       .     ■   .  .      .        ... 

1   liir-i-  ha  ninan'  h'  aha  -, 


•  .-a   n 


naa,  /'ami   na 


at 


ann,    appaaa/n!   linit 


,  u 


,    1 


'a,aairhch  thi-   rchitaai  'h 
anh   rahu-i'ai  !"  aaaaaihpx    a-   \'a;.    close.     Faiil 

f' T    faali    !^    lia.-    !'-nn<aan''n    -a    \a'aar.      Whin 


n.    n  :      I 

aXi-triice 
ha  ulijcC- 
a.c  ohiec- 

heism 


'.   '■    K  i^ '  ,'. 


i  I  V       ' 


laiih   i]\   i  I'  M  p   xai'tn' 


\   All 


a]'V'  aaance   of 
ivri'LT'^^ti   aah   aiioralitv  aa-  re- 


Zi 


I,  o/>.  cif.,  a    J52;  cf.  Jacobi,  11.  pp.  49-51. 


1.1,      }    I     .       ^    ,    ,  5       -t  . 

*  Ibid.,  p.   302. 
5  /tiJ.,  p.   49. 
5  /t'rc?..  p.  50. 

Mh  a.  52. 

8  Ibid.,  p.  321. 

»Ilh  a.  33- 
lOIV,  a.  p.  xlii. 
"  Ibid. 
^2  Ibid. J  pp.  xlvi-xlvii. 


^ 


I! 


JACOBFS   METAPHYSICS. 


81 


ciprocal   atn!  h')th   hnp^nd  ( -i  tin-  h, ■;■■-.■  .  ^{   ...:r^       an,..  ,,,.n..   ...^r^l 


' ■  ■  a ' ■  ^ ' "* '-''''' ''■■'^ ' ^    ^'> '-'   art'   laa ^-a'a   t 
'  --s'"ncna       Kavaaaana-   n  ^ 
\  a  Liie,  anri  of  ah   m  n-r 


W'  aa ii\'    ct  'ncaaaii 


1    t 


n 


nana   lu 


a   !a    ^a\ 


1  ai 


Conccraia.^   la 
fore  t]]--;   acni    rxan.   hia- aiah   a   a-\"!a    im-   p- 
peace  of   Goh    wha-h    a~-    laahrr    haia;    ;hi    laa:- 
participation  aia;   the  coiUcrnpiaiiuii  .'i   :in    uk 
iiicre  ift  U;u^  ni  nam  a  c;"ai<ci''"ni^!ir'=>  (h  a  ha^'a. 
bri 


t      ♦'^  -■ 


nn^ 


,  >  a:  ^  i 


4  n,,^. 


ai 


,  i  tu 


,\  a. 


(..  1  aa  ^ 


■MTi'a".   m^a    nnii 


V  ;  .  1    I  < 


I  >{ 


man  s  Ijeim 


'..a; 


t 


n.. 


I  a 


'la*    h  n '  n ' '  T  ^     .,  1 1 1 1-  ■  •    -i .  a  -1 .  a 


•  1    t  ^ 


'.a,  aua,.a  \a,' 


i  !  I 


■•3 


.:  T  HI' 


COOd 


ana   Pa/   h^analinh   n^   h.    san-aif   n-t 
from  him  anh  ikC  hr  p-'-a:,  nafn-e." 


1  '   ^  T         i   i , 


r-.      (■ 


;i    natnre  is 


ivcag-ion,  '^'liu,  1.  c..ncu\^ra  h;.    Tacobi  tx)  con^^i^i,  hi  an  hnmediate 


w 


consciousness  of  God,  \  n     i-^  lia  na  n 
from  whom  we  proceed.     Thi-  na-n 

niU:-i  liiniicii  ijc  buia.   ni   nniaa   ii   aaan^ 

not  mercK-  nn   idol,      hha-n   nam   i-  ahh; 

feels  and   naaam.-   himself.^      lu   iha^    \\:,v  Mm-   ha 

idea  of  God.  hi    ha-  ha;  aan-hn;     n-u-  rrMitP  ~     an. 

to  the  individnai   i-^  an   n 

ta  \  rhition   is  aa^    aiaaihanr   trad 

diate  experience  is  the  only  ca  a- 

sensible.     The  i-i-aam^  iv  cahr'l  hnowledge,  thr  hiUaa  f 

Theism  is  t(^  jac-hi  m-n  pracncal,  a  maitar  -f  h-a- 

ence,  anri  onl\-  mcuhanahy  ^pc^ahanae.^'^    Si-na-  nrnar- 


<  a 


iclosiaa. 


'L  ,. 


i    , 


God 


n  a  u    la 


a  i 
mi 


1  i  a 
L  a  t. 


n,a  n  V  mnai 
a/*'    --a] 


him  wuh  incon^i=:t(aa' 
theism,  and  sa\  tinn  a;  I 
affirm  the  exi-n  am  a  m.  . 
valid  only  if  a  a 
UHi.  Ihit.  PS  \y 
and  more  tha  ^^^ 


-  a :  ,i  a,    , ;  "-    n  e 
aa      t !  a;  ti     p-; , 

:a-aa-    af   m  ^d 

'»       t    *■   >  t  T  *  ;     ■    t  *     f  ■>   i-H 

i  in-   imme- 


!,    9 


I '  Mate  experi- 

iaia.a-  ain';rn'ed 


t  (  .  r    •'!  t  ♦ !  •  aa  1  i !  •  <  T  c  r    t 


:   V    I" 


::>    t  xposition  of  his 

W'  '\\h]    ha    na,;ia;]\-    to 


ra  ^.    r  ■  T- 1 1 1 , 

;  i  J  .       V   1   i  I  i  ■ 


i  (  !     r  I  ■ '  '"  i  *■■  '     !  a  ->    *    a :  a  a 


-  ua..a,ha  DC 


a   laaimg  cnn- 


(■  pava  ^arn.  n  ■-:  ram^  -r.^.t^ha  .naIn  hm  it  tends  more 
:;   n:  in^  a  ntmgs  to  become  a  thought  content.     An 


» III,  pp.  275  ff. 
^IV,  a,  p.  33. 
3  Ibid.,  pp.  212-213. 
*  II,  p.  44. 
6  Ibid.,  p.  45. 
6  III,  pp.  277-27g. 
"^  Ibid.,  p.  284. 

^  Zirngiebl,  op.  cit.,  pp.  lo-ii. 

9  Drews,  Die  deiitsche  Spekxdation  seit  Kant,  Bd.  II,  pp.  5-6. 
^0  IV,  a,  p.  xxxix. 
"  Pfleiderer,  op.  cit.,  Vol.  I,  pp.  230-231. 


> 


THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF    F.    H.    JACOBI. 


1  1  .     .  ■* 


1       •  1  1         ,       M  , 


mil  I.C*  ii<u:  ■-      !'i     I ;  !i  '1 114  1  il  ,    l!!!,!i,    .i«i!llll^    ^'1     ^''^p'    ^a!*   'a    i 

l<,  r  it.  What  laC'H'i  '[(-a-  -a\  i--  thai  l  a  u;  a-  ii'^i  ra\ta.ati  a)  tra/ 
niidar-iaraiiiiit.  but  tu  iha  rva-^'aa  aial  liii-  aiauc"  luiir:  \-  ]>}  a  -«  aa  -a 
iii-iiiiaiti*  aa      W'ulaaat   Miah  an  irwiaraia' -la  thiaa,;  w^iaiai  ba  la  •  ra\-a"'- 


liaa.  iia  laaiiat\.  lie  virtiia,  ia»  ^tar-  in  tha  niitiu  ni  .air  hiaiiL:'. 


\ 


tun;  i[iau.aaiii\a  a:-  ni  Mur  iaaa-a>, 
Ccal^  (  aad.  ll  1^  '^''i)^  'I'*-'  bii.aa,--l  i 
all-liu^air-t  'ail-ala  <  a  hun.  'I  ia.-  -(a 
It    i^    li-    -uali    that    \\  c    llaak    ai    .  n 


'  <  T'l  '  \       '  i  1 1 1  a    '  a  M  a  ■  ^     '  j  1  a  '      a '  i  rt 


I  i,    !, 


aula     I  i  1  ll  I 


alua-'aa 


^^  a    \\  '  aU* . 


-  n  1 1 1 


a„    a  1 1     I  i  \  u 


uaM-auauLa,  aU'l  iiu'lU    irain  ihuiaicss.^ 


it  wai-  tiu;  \aa\\"  *  n      aC'  ^■m 


i .  a  , !  1  '  a 


a  a  u 


i  a  a  a  i 


i  au  a  i,"'  a uai u 


(]i  h]  ;  {■  >r  uatnia.; 

bcirauniiLt    <  >v    and,    w  uh' an    auaa/a    I'^Tk 

•!  '*i  '  *i  'ai 

I  \  ■  1  ♦  a .  •  1 '  t      \  1  ■  a  ■       • :  M  a     » 1  •  1 1  ri .  .  1  *  •■     I  •  I  a  a ,  t"  ■  a  ; ;    a 
v\  1 1  n '  ■  a  I      \  >,  i  i  i .     1 1  a  a      \\  s  I  a  '  M.  1 1      a  <   .  a  >  ■,  .  > ;  i  i  •  • ,  i 


a  a'    "•]  '(,;;  t  i^a-^    •  U     'a 


a,--  a-  ''nui.;   i r<  lUi   iba 

1.1 
-  ran  a  a'  n  airi   ri,,  \'aa  :^ 

ann  lU n  iU  -,  \\  n  nt  ait 


r    it  1  u i n iti 


i  a„ 


Lfood  or 


(  . 


aH  i  J    .-:■  a 


i'antiiua      man  ai'  air  i  ?  \  aa 
!.,  If  abi  na'  ra,iln!a\      Ana  a-  *.  lna<tinnil 

..   !aa!a    n    a^   !i^ 


la    ia    v\ 


t  i  ■ 


,a    "  ' 


1 


lit    iiii'-     iaiii- 


!  .       f 


W   i 


ri'xa'a!-   hnai-fi 


, a  nia'^oivn  i  ,(3d 

! '  aa;   il'ii    i  aih    i  ran;   rt;hn'a  in 


\n    ai>a   !^-   abun 


a  i 


idolatry.^      Ibn    n: 


a, ,  .  1 1 1 . 
I  a,,  i  1  i  _». 

w  'via 


i    t  i' 


nn'<  ani'ia.  I'an^njk  ,    aU'  \    ba    -a\ 


1>     llav'     I  ail' I 


'  abnai    tin-   ininnaam  of  linina'i    ihuuijbn 


1 


1  m-  ra\t_aataai  '.a   ^  a -n  m  na/  -aia  a'-n-a'nta-.  tn 

I        ,     ■  aM 


la-  lia-i-  '^'f  Taa'^'bi':; 


aa  ■'  k\]-  '\\  a.  t  nti-  <  u  ^ 


a  n 


aU  a  nan   U" 


wan.ai 


rinatai  iaacirnu;>. 

a-,  ^aaainl  n.  anuaa  n-  < -n  n-  fnbi  a  anb  more  I'lnat,  t;t  i^a^' nxbabi^a.  i 
(a  ai-niai' '-  k:<;^na,  :  anb  bia  nnbiniani  -a  bin-  b:\'nn;  dc^iI\;  i:^  liic  lui 
bina,  nt  !  n   ba.-  biitia'-'    ;■••  ><  h 


nanai'^-t-   morr-  ntirpnsc  m 


I 


h    '-    t^'   ar.aU'   a    world   bait    In;   -i]]:^]]!    -\]' >\x    jus   love. 
s  onl\-  ban   m.-b  naitbi   \\'b   tii<    baaaaifn!   ;nai   ilic  good   in 
orbi  r  !■)  l'>va  sib'      b'ba  |ana>''.M,  ,  bann  t-warb  nans  i-  to  develop  inm 

in  tbal  n^'int  ai  winali  baar;  aan  bv  a  nnanab  i- na  baiwaeii  Uub  an-! 
laran.  wanaa;  inan  \\a!i  i-na-n  '-  )• -b  aia!  nintaic  liun,.  ami  w  inTC,  acc^a^n- 
nmri''.  ,  tlnar;  \\ab  ba  ;<  n  a  aaa!  <'■«  ama<|!U  nt    ]<n'   f •  a"  b'a'a 

Tha  ^larinail   faanh\.  -r  r-'a-'-aa.  bn.'n,  o^aa^n-nn-  ni  man  the  caa;^- 
inal    ba-na.    aaa^    '/baa'r       K- a--n    !-    a    ^tnaaain.   a    bmclopinn'    ni^^ulty, 


1  ■-•  a  n  a  \ '  (    [in 


a;  1 


anb   nia^^U 


s  \ 


na;a-nra,  Hu;  raimauon  01  mason  in  ordc 


i.  -  tU., 


f.  !'  nlnn.  i-  la  a  a;  an;  may  known  to  us,  wa^  na\t  r  can  seek. 


m  e  mn-i   nave,  in 

a.  'i-titute 

1      7 


'lib  aa-  -'a^ 4. 

■2  Ibid.    a.  ms- 

3  Iki.f.     pa     .:-.'5-m. 


Mil.  p.  m-i 
6/di(i.,  ].   -a  a 
"f  Ibid     a    -;0. 


JACOBl'S    METAPHYSICS. 


And  what  tbi^  Grundtrich  ni  Imman  nature,  a^  an  object  of  knowl- 


erio-p    r^r    v^  a  i 


spirnnal   natnr 


'  ■ i       I"  as  i 

'hi-,    rrab 


m  ?  ■  T'      ^  ' 


amisau  ia.    w  1^, 


01 


'  1 


^  ;  i  a  r  li 


■'^'•''.  ^-'.n  bave  alwavs  called   Dix-ba'  Tilings.  ^ 

o 

. )    a, , .      a . .    r.  a  -, ,      ^ ;     i  -    .  r  i  • 

^<  ■''--  i';  laa-mn  n\  \amtie  of  his 
■'!  ^'  ra>a  inmself  aboAn-  tin-  ani- 
■  ' ;na^-,  an*'  ]  '^  >w:  r  <  i  w  bb,      i-n-.  mi 

:    t  ■  a  a    .a    .  a-t  a  ,  aaa    a '  a, '  -^   U '  a    U  a  |  aU  n  1 


naanr  waiua]  • 


-'•}.  !;air  on  the  desire  of  ia 


:  a  •' 


up  ori-::  a'b   - 

Man,  tian.  ; 
double  exttnab. 
fornter  lie  naan 
be  dona  <  an;  b 
sence  <  i"  ba,  b 
his  saa'adn  la- 
satislics  ii ,  ilim 
nevertheless,  i^ 
endu\vc(l   wat!)   a 


but  sprmgs 


a  anii^r  an 


i> 


a    conscioim.    active   essence,   is   conditioned   by   a 

a  aaiuue  beucaih  him  and  a  God  above  him.^     T!ie 
1  subordinate  to  the  latter;  and  this  etm 

iaan  lates  in  a  \<:vy   raai   \va;'   in   die  es- 

1  bn-    nna;'dn.^   lbs  desire,   ansi   ^i\a-    rise   to 

'-      ^  ^  '    naad,  however,   does   not   reveal   what 

>i.cni  oriiV   m   experita^cca      Tbn   experience  itself 

-ilae   only   through    a   divine    praphesying   soul, 


foresightd  inn  \hv  activity  of  man,  the 
original  Frieb,  is  an  expression  of  God,  and  tin^  me  call  the  will. 
The  la  iaiiuns  m  ;\ina!]  n  nmm  iUlIi  ^together  with  the  like  relations 
of  ilnmr^)  a-a  li a  iam^  of  nature.  Tha  direction  toward  the  finite 
1^  u\k:  Mn-n)le  endeavor,  or  the  principle  of  desit;  ;  while  the  direc- 
tion toward  the  eternal  is  the  intellectual  endeavor,  or  the  principle 
of  love.^ 

bi.^  tim  moral  Trieb  is  the  truly  proper  human  energy,^  it  involves 
the  freedom  of  man,  or  an  ability  to  rise  to  the  attainment  of  the 
objects  of  his  love  (or  spiritual  desire),  or  to  express  that  which 
is  one's  inmost  I  wnnb  \  conflict  of  desires  raises  the  conception 
of  right  and  wron- .  \^jy  aii  aannui  be  gratified  in  the  same  measure.'^ 
This  son  a  ireedom,  or  the  independency  of  the  iniiar  power  of 
the  will,  or  bia  i^ossible  sovereignty  of  the  intellectual  essence  over 
the  sensible  essence,  is  de  facto  conceded  by  all  menb'»  This  shows 
that  Jacobi  holds  bi(  a 
spect  to  hm  ni'  arb  ix  ;\^- 
spark  out  of  ba    iin  la  ai 

*  III,  p.  317. 

•2  Ibid.,  pp.  318-319. 
^Ibid.,  p.  274. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  440. 
5 IV,  a,  p.  34. 
*V,  p.  217. 

^Piinjer,  op.  cit.,  pp.  645-6. 
8  IV,  a,  p.  21. 
^Ibid.,  p.  28. 

JO/fciJ.,  p.  248. 


ran  acy  of  man  over  nature  to  be  in   re- 
in..^ Uiioral  iicLdom,  his  will,  "  which  is  a 
aight,  and  a  power  out  of  the  Almighty."^^ 


\l 


It     ^ 

\i  I. 


THE    PHILOSOPHY   OF    F.    H.    JACOBI. 


Cnnc'jruiViii    Immortality,    the    t\] 

topiC-,   Jacs.'l!]   ih(!   II' =t   -a\'   iraH;!!   ai 

iiiiiiifHiaii;   mtuita  ni   <  •{    irnia    r:;ih*  .■ 

«i^   tlia:   *  i'  (  !■  Ml   ana    1  "'rri 

«i^'  {k-ui-'  !a\^  ^i\aa!  in  liiri- 

e>tahi:-lu,.i  ilu-  lattria  la 
t 


V     i      I 


f  1  i' 


inal.    metaphysical 


^.: i'v '  a    Hi    ua,    :-a;a( 


i  i ''  ai 'I >:,'ai"i 


1   '.   -,,  1 1  i    ■   i       !  ,  i  , 


]]■.  .r- 


e 


1  :<.'l 


ail  IV 


'  i  i  ai   1 !  I.  ■•'!«'  r 


.  I  \    i  :  I  ^J  , 


i:i      ^rrn  ;i;<  1     l^ 


1  la-  .--ulat  t,a 


tla  aa'bt 


M  H  .  f  a  I  n 


aiii  \ 


tJ  1     Li  i  I,      I  '.,  . 


.  a^   K: 


K 


aui  n,i.- .  ^  ^  .n*  .  a-  Uie 


iU'Cc>>ar\'  Ciin.alar\'     *"  ■ ' 


AW 


I 


COXlLl^I 


UA. 


J.;  ■ 


■'  '-'^'y^'^^-  wi-i:   aaaiailaiul.      TIutv  i^-  an  aakaimuaK- 

■^  ^'-'^^  ■'"  "'^''  ^^  ^'"^'  Min'n.Md  In  tind  in  a  wriu.r  wla.  lia^  c!.'.^ 


.naac. 


1  i  1  > 


athlaiia  -n-  wiih  n!\>iiai^na      }  K-i 


'^'^■'  't   ^^  ^'^  ^ii>  U'eni-ral  attiiiul. 


^-^ni   1^1   vivava  railKi-  than  m  any  ddiintjy  alala.ratrd  contributinr 


nan 


111        ,    V     I 


i'lna  mat  ua;  can  |),.nit   in  our  c«»nchulino-  remarks, 


Snn 


;e 


lnsua-ian~,  ind.e.I,  liavc  ,ai<l  that   liis  imiinrtancc  is  to  l,e  fouii.-i  cn- 
iial>    ,1!    Iks    peiuaratint;   criticisms    of   earlier    i-hilosophcrs.       Win 
Jacol.i  K.  not  without  constrnctiw  importance,  aii<]  his  point  of  vicw 
has  hai!  consi.lcral)lc  inlhicnce  upon  subsequent  tliinkers. 
^     The  empirical  i.oint  of  view  which  characterized  all  jacobi's  think- 
m.tr.  ha^  become  the  point  of  view  of  ail  philosophv 'since  his  dav 
He  ms.sted  that  philosophy  is  an  interpretation  of  life  as  it  is    and 
that  wliat   we  have  to  exi)lain  is  experience,  all  of  which  is  the  ex- 
penence  of  the  individual.     In   this  experience,   he  ,savs,   we  come 
into  actual  c.mtact   with  both  sensible  an<l  sui.ersensible  facts      In 
opposition  to  the  sensationalists,  he  maintaine<l  that  we  know  directh' 
llK-   tacts  01   the   worl.l   of  sense.     Thi.s  is   in   accordance  with   tlie 
iiKHlern  tlieury  that  jud-ment  relates  imniediatelv  to  realitv       And  in 
^'PP'-it,on  to  the  rationalists,  he  .says  that  we  know  the  supersensible 
"';'  !»■  an  mlerence.  but  by  direct  experience.      This  i.  his  d^.ctrine 
ot  nnimndiacw 

I'lH,  m  acoaalancn  uath  that  nuMicism  which  he  acquired  carlv  in 
'''"'  'r-  ''\  '''^'  ^^-^^■^^^'*'  ^^^^>  nxpcncncc  as  a  fccHncr  rather  than 
^"^'  "  -"'-■'^'  '"'''''''■  ^'^-^^^^^^^  ^vruers  havc'  cnn^alered  thi.  liis  hnal 
^'"^'']''-  ^'^-  '^'^'^  i^  evidence  tn  .how  that  he^raduallv  camet.^ 
r^"'  '^'''\'^^'^  '-^^  a  thnuoht  cauent.  !{,>  Mih^titutiMn  .,{  ih.  tenn 
''''^"^  ^'"  'Ivelni-'  -^een;.^  tn  .how  thi^  C  .nchl>ive!x  .  \nd  n  1.' 
^"•''  '  ;-  ^'^  '^-^'  ^act  that  t.-ward  the  el^.^e  of  hi.  lifj  1k^  wa.  aha 
]':  >''\"-:^  tli-u-h!  a  naav  M-.ieniata:  formnlata^n.  a>  i.  >cen  in  h- 
'''-''^-'^  Intro.  incisMn.  whicli  was  one  of  th.  la<t  ni  h\<  writin-.. 
'  '■"  ^'''"'''-  '•  '>  nand  a-  acti\'.  .  and  o 
dir  C'  •n(\^])\]i  q]  thai  nian  i 


lera!  t 


'1   j  1 H. "  a  n  o  e  o  n  s  c  1  oa  a^  n  e  s ' 


tt >  I  ' I i e, 
'^  ^-^^'ntailly  .{aruual  and  the  nn^- 
^'■-^;    ''^^^    '  Xjaa'-aai    oi    an    nihnitc   sj.nat.      }h    '    '' 

tin-    f^  aah-iauiin-    of   ai     '     ~ 
fnhi''-    ' 


I  01 


iiiprviana  [ 


nene\a,<   Uian    ta^   ht 
li'itnnte    !\r.e.n    wIiom-   purposes   ate    l.ieniL 
■    ^"■''  '•'  •  ''-'^  x-peCK"ih\   in  nam  wdif  >  rd,  n- 
'^  '^^1  hinoeif  an<a  the  en,aaod       f  a 


!'*  ai.  ■:]-ii:  can 
'elawa-d  dial  natural- 


/ 


9itA.',of*mmtmr' 


111 


86 


111  i..^ 


r>i  !  ? 


.UiiiJi' . 


OF    r',    11.     I,\ 


M  ;   .  i 


i>ni.  -iich  :.is   Sclu-iiiii; 


■•  '■'■^■'  i\'(„-  tile  C' '!it r;i' 'u;tMr\-  (^' 'nci'ptiiMi  f'f  a 
niovnii^-.  (Icvelnpitio-  ii!ii\-cr>;-  tiiat  'l-r>  in -i  pri.cri.!  frtqii  ili.  .ii-lit. 
and  that  is  not  workin-^  out  tlu-  purposes  of  tlKaiirlii.  Su.eh  a  ■■Ic- 
velopin^i,''  u.niver^e  can  "uily  ])v  the  expre>.^!(Mi  of  a  >pintual  Ihmui::;  wlie, 
nuist  be  rei^ai-ded  a>  a  persiUi.  Hut  Ja^'hi's  view  Mi!yei->  -nmewhat 
in  approxiniatin.i;-  a  tran.scendent  rather  than  an  nnnianent  thei>m. 

It  has  been  said  that  jaeolii  r^  a  r^-ahst,  and  hi>  philMsnpJn-  ]ia>  \K-vn 
cliaracterized  as  the  ')ri^-!n  of  ( iennan  reahsin.  I'eit  ]].■  is  at  aaiv 
rate  not  a  materiahstic  reahst  :  for,  as  we  haw  ju-1  s^en.  lie  is  a 
strict  theist,  jjeh.evinq-  also  that   man's  nature  is  essential] \    spiritual. 

^ lis    laipq:iiaf^e,    moreover,    is    usually    the    lani^ua^^a'    of    reali>m,    ])ut 

we  tind  it  easier  to  interpret  his  tlKui^ht  as  a  -ropin-  and  imper- 
fect idealism.  We  have  seen  rea-.  tn  to  regard  him  as  havin--  elns^T 
affiliations  with  the  i<leahsts  than  with  the  realists,  for  his  thou.i;ht 
is,  that  s|)irit  is  the  final  term  of  the  universe,  and  that  all  thin-s 
have  their  heini^  only  in  an  Absolute  v.  l-o  is  spirit,  audi  not  substance. 
It  is  this  conception,  then,  that  leads  u<  to,  call  him  an  imperfi'Ct 
idealist,  and  his  phil^v,  ,p]iy  ( au-  (d  tin-  -prin^-  -a   (i^rnKin    {draii-ui. 


BIBLIOGR  \l'HV 


ii  I  -b  L 1  ei  I  i  K 


I^ 


il  ILi'^, 


iV.  .•, 


w 


t  K  k: 


F    I'Kifa^l 


!       N  r 


\n.„  n     I  i 


EINKICH     I.^ 


I  '  liJi, 


iMliUiUlUi 


L. 


l\:i':d  II. 


{)! 


■t  '      ( 


rc  Si 
icn  ( 


}  U!U:\-}] 


U  ;   u  i  .^  ril  US 


U'>id 


K 


)■!•   t 


'tlSflUiS,     I~^: 


t'  /e\a-  (// 


(     1 .1.  i 


'■<'  .") 


'cjj>    I  Z:^ 


.-hitl 


)! 


1  ;  f 


(     lltCi 


'-'i'VUli/t' 


i  I  iu'niini!    (ws    i\ 


U'lSiJlUS      t 


/7;;^t-;-.    iS(_)i, 


^niu'ittt    ZH 


irK, 


;  i-  ^  suDia 


.:h 


a :  ;; 


(/-///. 


L~lU')l 


n- 


/.'Cc''/.    INI  I 


/   t'r 


b^lo    I-Vh    1 


SlJ-hSj: 


At 


lU;    MFM    tlirci;   V 


'iiinu-s  wor 


(.■   eui 


Tier  iiis  death   m    iSk),  i|; 


t^-'l  hv   lao..]; 


K. 


c  reiiianiin 


g  volll^lc^  wcr 


VVvn. 


c  edited  h 


hach 


W 


!  'R  I 


\  s 


Adamson,    R.     A 


CoxeEKXJXc;   Iacoi;!, 


rticlc 


J 


acLMji       \u 


i^iU  \i 


(In!      /• 


lldM,  ) 


"■i  uatd    i^ritdiuuca.      (  \aiili     ed 


Kuhn,  J.  Jacn''i  und  di 
Levy-Bruhl,  L.  La  ;di:! 
Wilde,  N.  /•.  //.  /j'v/7 
Zirngiebl.     Jacuhi's  L 


U:  :<  'M  'rji 


U      .SClili^}' 


(.       Hi       ,' 


1834. 


/   .V///(/ 


M- 


11  dx  :n   tlu 


'  '>'l!-ll>^    Of    (jt'i-)}! 


i'lhll 


:}}•-      i\ 


l^}.- 


iti-ii   mid  I  'diilCidi.     iS/)7 


Cm.mpakj-:  Als^)  xiif:  \:, 


Drews.     I>ic  dcutchd  Spdkul 
Falckenberg,  R.     //;.v/er 
Fischer,  Kuno.     ilcsJn 


'LLowa.xa,  General  W 


ORK 


dUiU 

I'ilh 


I  Silt  Kdiit.     2d  cd.     i8.'j:; 


V    ('/     /    dUdSi 


'l!\'.        K 


life   (/. 


Ha 


<■    iidr   ddUi'dJi 


I'll 


rms.     p!d  I 'hi! 


II u.   trail: 


'lOSi'^lh 


l>\' 


;i( 


Arm-t 


r«  iiii 


tS 


i>S('pi!l 


e  Si'!i 


Hedge,  F.  H.     // 
Hedge,  F.  H.     .1/ 
Hedge,  F.  H.     /';,-,,- 
Hoffding,  Harald.     //. 
Pfleidcrer,   Otto,     /'/a- 


Kdnt. 


I  'HI  M  iC    i-.      V  1    et 


i    cd      tS-sI-^ 


1 876 


'/^    ( 


III    (jcrnidn    LU 


dVtUl     Ll'Ji 


r.      18SS. 


r-Ud's    '  f    ( 


/    '-.lii  iildd 


1886. 


t  ,.a 


-<!      (.'< 


r.     1900. 


I  >  >  ■    s;  I 


'\\ 


arm    .\i' n, 


.ion   on 

T  s;n/;-^-s; 


.V;.x       di 


'-"a- 


Pfleiderer,    Otto.     /Vi 


''.  (. 


R. 


I  ( 


Piinj 


I  C  -• .    I 


ex.     I 


i.^ 


1  a  1  u 


n- 


//( 


r  SS  "■ 


/  a 


Royce,  J. 
Schwegler. 
Wmdelband,  W. 
Wmdelband,  W. 

ZeJler,  E.     oa.e,a 


C   //o.^/ 


-1/    .,/c 


hilosophy    of   A", 


Ki 


i  »  <i 1  i  , 


U'^ 


/n /''.>■■>  T/n 


■  S: 


.^"  [■■■! 


J       /  /    ■■  I  !   \S  I 


iVd:    trail-. 


.^t 


/    /';;/ 


iid'S.  'id 


1 1.: 


.S 


/IS, 


'ill.     I.  I  >     i . 


d,  r 


d.  :    U  , 


d:idSi'r,i: 


•/         'i     .     I       .  -a  ^A; 


T: 


T, 


i    A   P     '     S\       i     A    <    ; 


w 


Bosanquet,  B.  la.'La'a,  iNAS. 
Caird,  John.  .Nraa^ria  |  Ida 
Fraser,  A.  C.  xA/a 
Green,  T.  H.  /'?■.-/, 
Hegel,  G.  W  F.  A 
Hume.    David.     /:  ; 


da^x   Rlf 


i.KKi,J    Tu    iX     1  II  IS 


Af^ 


II. 


i-  K  \S  1 


■'  'Id 


al    (.. 


a.5Mi^  >. 


IA88. 


'd.S     .  >'i  d/l 


dd  d): 


('■.(.( 


AS 


a    r 


i  A  )0. 


^-W 


'  '•  I  ( / ' .  ( /. 


dhidti    c  atiL /'.j'a.aiaa 


{   S( 


NK 


Tin:  pniLOSornN' 


n    j-vCOBi. 


Hume.  David.     7>  .///^r  of  Il.i.uan  Nature.     (Selby-Bigge.) 

Kant,  Immanuel.     <'■"//;,/,'(,    -■■'   /';;,,    k,ason. 

Kant,  Immanuel     Cntiqii.-  ,n    i'r.ir':c,:i   h,\ison, 

Locke,  John,     j-.ssiiy  conccmini^   ihniun;    I   nil'/y^fihulnig. 

Major,  D.  R.      J  m-  rrnu-;/\ii  ul   1  .l.ology  in  ih.    Critical  Philosohhy  of  Kavf 

Paulsen,   F.     I  nun.n^ur!   K:il'       !  r--     '-,tw     i..    C^-.  i,,!,.. ...    -  .-  i    \     : 
Sime.     LiS<:tr:. 
Spinoza,     lulucs. 


no. 


■  1 1  <  =    t  f , . 


!  ,1\\  f 


NS 


Wallace,  W.     '1  Ju  Lc-i,  u[  /7r,..  ;'      is 


i.J 


AbsoIu:r.  The,  -;,  --  :, 

Allwill,   The  Correspon  :  }i.t    /,  j.  it,   ^;, 


y>. 


A   T: 


i:u„::h..i,  31. 


■i    rn-r:.    20,    21,    37,    5^  5 . ,    7^. 


■   /  ,")■ 


'''"■'''''''''-'    ^'    '^   '•'    13-    24,    2y,    36,    44. 

i^t-coinuij^  a!ul  I'.cin^T,  76. 

iH'ini,',  IiKiividuality,  the  only,  55. 

'i;el!cf,'4,  37. 

H<  >NNKr.    2,    8,    2^. 

Cakanin  41  n. 
Caieo-orio.   12,  58. 
Cause,  and  ^^rounci,  76. 

})oint>  to  an  absolute,  77. 
Certainty,  only  in  intuition,  ^S. 
CHKi>r,  73. 

Consciousness,  21,  75. 
Deduction,  in  j)hilosophy,  65. 
Demonstration,  Jacobi's  view  of,  4,    10   {., 

('S^  71. 

Di.rAKiv.,  io,  31,  34  i;,  43,  ^s,  -3_  ^^^ 

7C  79- 
I  'esire,  as  motive,  S2  {. 

\\  ill   nidependeiit  (if,   2  ^ 
T^o^^rnatisin,  9,   18.  21, 
]  'uaiisni,  a^  twn-loid   tru:!),  2S  f. 

"t"  Ja.-.li,  S,   15.   K,,  24,  50,  58.  75    f, 

<'J   the  ^^en-aiionaliM-,  8  f 

'>t    l.s;;li  and  knowledge.  20. 
!".•  Ki!  \;.,  i .    i ,  (\, 


oLa, 


i<-\    ;J    !. 


'=i      [>:((:■   i.     ! 


'  '    .■».">-    > 


of   'he    ]\t.:Ui 

'•t    l.ocke  ,Uid  Hume,  20. 


i  :-■  :e  'V.   i  s, 
KxJca 


'^'  -'  ■ '  '  S.'-'  55.  61.  72. 

-  -  ■ .    *.  -    ....    ^  -'^ . 
Oe/?c  e  ../•/';. h      ■^/■/.      1      1      T^  1!       ->(-, 

ijuu,  kncwn  iinnieddately.  40,  48,  81 

J'i  older  phd(Koj)hv,  65. 

nraure  and,  82. 

no  proof  needed  of,  66. 

])ersonality  of,  69,  73. 

no  developnseni  \viih>vat,  74. 

'  tbina<  •  and,  78  f, 
tji:E}.\.  41  n. 
(d-ound  and  cause,  76  f. 
Hamann.  4,  13,  19,  36. 
Hkoki  ,  27,  35,  44,  4;,  50,  63,  65. 
Hkrher,  4,  13. 

HrMK,  20,  ss^  34,  37,  51,  71  f. 
y/u^^/c  c^n  Btiicf\  4,   16,  21  f.,  52. 
Ideali.sm,  5,   u  f.,  32.  51  f.,  61  ff. 
'  Ideas  of  Reason,'  37,  40,  70  f 
Immediacy,  25  f.,  40  f.,  50. 
bnmortabty.  2.  30,  31,  48,  84. 
In'.lividualism,  Jacobi's,  7,  43,  51. 


K.w  i .  II  f. 


14.    21,    27,    2h,    31.    33.    34, 


36.  45.  48.  ;;i,  ^2.  61.  62,  60  b;,  70 
Kantia-iism.  5,  52,  54. 

Knowledge,  22^  30.   ;7. 
Cin-M/,  9,  10. 

li-    8  \e.F.    2,    7. 


-LL^tI^o. 


4. 


T.effer  to  liJ:::,  5. 

bi!f%    b^cobj's  >::i,rtin'^-T!f 


i^mnta.' 


'M  -,   ;c. 


Lock 


f  ,    _->r 


Mai  V  i,;.A\:  Hi 


! 


*j.;  '"!  .air 


^'    '"K   i  ■  "  ^  .    i  o,   20  J. 


\1 


?•  ''5,  *'4,  *>:.  -c 

i   larbov'      ro  •' 


-^  -■■■'o:  ■■■•:  ■'vh.mg-,  34. 
-^-  '•-'.  u,;y  ah.  Or  leason,  38  ff\ 
as  giving  cer*  ^ o.o.   30. 
Kant's  vie'.v  x>\,  70. 


nature  as,  22.  7 ; 
the  world  as,  ^  > 

MlNDELSSOHN.    4.    10. 

Method,  of  phiios  :   o.  ^    fr  f 
of  science.  2; 

Mind  as  active.   i\     ^/^ 


89 


90 


INDEX. 


f^ 


('/ 


Mv-tiCi-in,   !,  o,  14,,  ^^;.  40.  49. 

N;ttur.il!:~in,   72,   75, 

Nritart-.  25,  73.  82. 

f  >if;t;ct!M; y,   ifi  ;-.rrc«:*|)!if)n.  60. 

of    Meal-,   So, 
^)hjt;(:ts,   luA  C )!!.- ituted  by  t^ir-u-ht.    ;S. 
On  Di:  IK:'    7''nn^:  ',  5.   16.  7  [ . 
On    the  Atl--->>irt   "f ihe  Ciitv.:'  Phu       '.-'''; 
/('    iiriH:;'    Ixi'ir.  ^>i    /-     I'nJ'-?'  tatr:! »■ .,    5, 
16,  52. 
Perception,  34  f. ,  47. 
Personality,    18,  69,  79. 
Pietism,  i ,  6  f. ,  17,  40. 
Plato,  39,  73,  78. 
Problem   of    {)h!!o>ophy,   12,   iS,  25,  29  f . . 

39<  5^  65,  71. 
Rationalism,  9,  ^2. 

Reali.sH!,  Jacohi's,  5,  1 1  f. ,  47,  52,  57,  59,  63. 
Reason,  as  indwelling  spirit,  21  f. 

as  faith,  25. 

a.->  intuition,  27,  37 

gives  the  true,  43,  Ci 

man's  endowment,  41. 
*' Refutation  of  Idealism,"  53,  61. 
Reii),  32,  51. 

Religion,   Jacobi's  view  of,  80  f. 
Revelation,  41  f. ,  82. 
Romanticism,  i,  14  ft.,  29. 

R'U-S>KAl',    2,    8,    29. 
Saltr:  Ttii,rta!(.\  20,  44,  60. 
SrHFl.MNi;,    5,    15,    7  I     72   f, 
Scienc?',  as  knovvit-dgt' of  natur?-,  S.  24.  20, 
45 


Science,  depends  an  demonstration,  25 
of  spirit  impossible,  ^     :''>. 

Scottish  ^cho^^',    ;2,   ;[ 
Sensatu  ):.aii>;n.    2,    "  ". . 

Socrates,  3'i,  73. 

Sp.ir'-  aU'.!  t!iiic,   >  I,  ''>2 
>n  Ni  ;:,  (.. 

^:'iN^  ■/•  \,    4.    O,     10     I...     I  3.      I''        17,      2  ;. 

34.  4''.  ^'.1.  ^S-  f'^-^'  f'^.  7  J.  7''.  7  ' 
N[)irit,  S,   24,   57. 

Su'iifii  i\i-tn  of   Kriri*,   II   1. .    "^  I. 
Miti-'ancc,    I  1 ,  (jS, 
SvTithflu;  liifthud,  31,  4  V 
TaI  [i-.l:,  I,  6. 
'TkI  l-N-.    12. 

I'heisnu  jacol>!"'>,  5,  Si  f. 

1' lUilt*  inttdli^cnco    and.  80. 

Kalit  >,    71  . 

ol'iectivc,    12. 

signiticance   of,   31, 
'riiou^dit.  a-  activity  >.f -pirit,   22. 

laco!)i'>  \  iew  ut,  5^). 
Time,  62,  76,  77  l". 
Truth,  rcvt-aled  only  !)y  tlif  trur,  33. 
l"ndrrstatiding,  27  f . ,  36  f. .  44, 
L'nity,  only  in  {ler-onal!!}'.  22,  7S. 
I'niviTM-,  etfnial,  77. 
\'>  «I.l  AIKF..    2,    S. 
Wl!.!a:,   46   i'. 
Will     ;  u  iWf-r  I '',   S  1 
Woldema  > ,  3 ,   i  o .  33 


K 


/ 


I     4,-^:  0 


) 


\ 


